{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2327880761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","title":"Signed-gradient adaptive step size LMS algorithm for biomedical applications","display_name":"Signed-gradient adaptive step size LMS algorithm for biomedical applications","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2327880761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","mag":"2327880761","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073565712","display_name":"Yuzhong Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146617529","display_name":"Applied Science and Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03xmkea05","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhong Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044865729","display_name":"Rex Y. P. Cheung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146617529","display_name":"Applied Science and Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03xmkea05","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rex Y. P. Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109945547","display_name":"Winnie W. Y. Chow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146617529","display_name":"Applied Science and Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03xmkea05","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winnie W. Y. Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076267588","display_name":"Mark Ping Chan Mok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146617529","display_name":"Applied Science and Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03xmkea05","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark P. C. Mok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute (ASTRI), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146617529"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78015539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"3208","last_page":"3211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-mean-squares-filter","display_name":"Least mean squares filter","score":0.7670055627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-filter","display_name":"Adaptive filter","score":0.6930103302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6003990769386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.5303502678871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5238492488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5185382962226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5108249187469482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4880887269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-method","display_name":"Gradient method","score":0.46306318044662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4213516116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-algorithm","display_name":"Adaptive algorithm","score":0.42042621970176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3209090232849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17287558317184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11961081624031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10420244932174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06683188676834106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32617633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426666","display_name":"Least mean squares filter","level":3,"score":0.7670055627822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.6930103302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6003990769386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.5303502678871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5238492488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5185382962226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5108249187469482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4880887269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115680565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977448","display_name":"Gradient method","level":2,"score":0.46306318044662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4213516116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988072","display_name":"Adaptive algorithm","level":2,"score":0.42042621970176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3209090232849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17287558317184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11961081624031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10420244932174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06683188676834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568229137","https://openalex.org/W1953742541","https://openalex.org/W1968803376","https://openalex.org/W1993276328","https://openalex.org/W2024720094","https://openalex.org/W2034751862","https://openalex.org/W2072148858","https://openalex.org/W2081695657","https://openalex.org/W2084820662","https://openalex.org/W2096093732","https://openalex.org/W2107885148","https://openalex.org/W2111248068","https://openalex.org/W2123601657","https://openalex.org/W2125525060","https://openalex.org/W2132749914","https://openalex.org/W2133608072","https://openalex.org/W2157187092","https://openalex.org/W2339119681","https://openalex.org/W2482792214","https://openalex.org/W2895674046","https://openalex.org/W6640643016","https://openalex.org/W6704115646","https://openalex.org/W7045474554"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586228848","https://openalex.org/W1998353256","https://openalex.org/W2189195857","https://openalex.org/W2144530466","https://openalex.org/W2085953673","https://openalex.org/W2076969796","https://openalex.org/W2276435569","https://openalex.org/W2051390178","https://openalex.org/W4380605581","https://openalex.org/W2108107885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gradient":[0],"adaptive":[1,4,47,54,79,83,95,115],"step":[2,48,72,80,116],"size":[3,49,73,81,117],"filters":[5,96],"have":[6],"been":[7],"widely":[8],"used":[9],"to":[10,29,63],"adapt":[11],"different":[12],"biomedical":[13],"application":[14],"environments":[15],"and":[16,25,90],"obtain":[17],"useful":[18],"life":[19,38],"signals":[20,102],"from":[21,103],"serious":[22],"ambient":[23,104],"noise":[24,105],"interferences.":[26],"In":[27],"order":[28],"further":[30],"improve":[31],"the":[32,37,65,71,77,113,126,140],"signal-to-noise":[33],"ratio":[34],"(SNR)":[35],"of":[36,45,67,76,87,129,142],"signals,":[39],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"a":[43,60,122,133,146],"class":[44],"signed-gradient":[46,91,114],"least":[50],"mean":[51,135],"square":[52],"(LMS)":[53],"filters.":[55,84],"The":[56,85],"proposed":[57],"algorithms":[58,92],"introduce":[59],"sign":[61],"function":[62],"replace":[64],"gradient":[66,78,89],"squared":[68,136],"error":[69,137],"in":[70,106],"updating":[74],"process":[75],"LMS":[82,118],"performance":[86],"both":[88],"with":[93],"dual":[94],"is":[97],"compared":[98],"by":[99],"extracting":[100],"heartbeat":[101],"stethoscopes.":[107],"Simulation":[108],"results":[109],"demonstrate":[110],"that":[111],"though":[112],"algorithm":[119],"converges":[120],"at":[121,125,139],"slower":[123],"rate":[124],"early":[127],"stage":[128,141],"iteration,":[130],"it":[131],"has":[132],"smaller":[134],"(MSE)":[138],"convergence,":[143],"thus":[144],"achieves":[145],"higher":[147],"SNR.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}