{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2335087232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","title":"Enhancing unsupervised canonical correlation analysis-based frequency detection of SSVEPs by incorporating background EEG","display_name":"Enhancing unsupervised canonical correlation analysis-based frequency detection of SSVEPs by incorporating background EEG","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2335087232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","mag":"2335087232","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007114409","display_name":"Masaki Nakanishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaki Nakanishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093358","display_name":"Yijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5386-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034708041","display_name":"Yu-Te Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Te Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020657583","display_name":"Yasue Mitsukura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasue Mitsukura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055443847","display_name":"Tzyy\u2010Ping Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-2166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tzyy-Ping Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79403158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"3053","last_page":"3056"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canonical-correlation","display_name":"Canonical correlation","score":0.9417837858200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7650978565216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.6906515955924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.6423978805541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5895765423774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5011141300201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4502600133419037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4283933639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4056027829647064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15020281076431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1345844268798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11872169375419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08124294877052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07860022783279419}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153874254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115542","display_name":"Canonical correlation","level":2,"score":0.9417837858200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7650978565216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.6906515955924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.6423978805541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5895765423774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5011141300201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4502600133419037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4283933639526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4056027829647064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15020281076431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1345844268798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11872169375419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08124294877052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07860022783279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005074","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.704.7899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.704.7899","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sccn.ucsd.edu/%7Eyijun/pdfs/EMBC14b.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966578248","https://openalex.org/W1970704109","https://openalex.org/W1978536610","https://openalex.org/W2041998778","https://openalex.org/W2051360945","https://openalex.org/W2098725211","https://openalex.org/W2105478324","https://openalex.org/W2109008357","https://openalex.org/W2121538726","https://openalex.org/W2168572392","https://openalex.org/W4294214781","https://openalex.org/W6644742765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367413540","https://openalex.org/W1968846550","https://openalex.org/W2236178445","https://openalex.org/W1991315556","https://openalex.org/W4387164999","https://openalex.org/W2070623039","https://openalex.org/W2006749424","https://openalex.org/W2010456997","https://openalex.org/W2372194214","https://openalex.org/W3131670725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steady-state":[0],"visual":[1],"evoked":[2],"potential":[3,9],"(SSVEP)-based":[4],"brain-computer":[5],"interfaces":[6],"(BCIs)":[7],"have":[8],"to":[10,33,38,53,112,124],"provide":[11],"a":[12,54,69,98],"fast":[13],"communication":[14],"channel":[15],"between":[16,143],"human":[17],"brain":[18],"and":[19,42,84,147,154],"external":[20],"devices.":[21],"In":[22],"SSVEP-based":[23],"BCIs,":[24],"Canonical":[25],"Correlation":[26],"Analysis":[27],"(CCA)":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"widely":[31],"used":[32,138],"detect":[34],"frequency-coded":[35],"SSVEPs":[36,48,83,111,177],"due":[37,52],"its":[39],"high":[40],"efficiency":[41],"robustness.":[43],"However,":[44],"the":[45,58,74,89,103,106,113,116,126,144,148,166,172],"detectability":[46],"of":[47,57,61,78,105,115,129,176],"differs":[49],"among":[50],"frequencies":[51],"power-law":[55],"distribution":[56],"power":[59],"spectra":[60],"spontaneous":[62],"electroencephalogram":[63],"(EEG)":[64],"signals.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"proposed":[68,95,145,167],"new":[70],"method":[71,96,146,168],"based":[72],"on":[73],"fact":[75],"that":[76],"changes":[77],"canonical":[79,100,107,117],"correlation":[80,101,108,118],"coefficients":[81,119],"for":[82,110,120,139],"background":[85,121],"EEG":[86,122],"signals":[87],"follow":[88],"same":[90],"trend":[91],"along":[92],"frequency.":[93],"The":[94],"defined":[97],"normalized":[99],"coefficient,":[102],"ratio":[104],"coefficient":[109],"mean":[114],"signals,":[123],"enhance":[125],"frequency":[127,173],"detection":[128,174],"SSVEPs.":[130],"An":[131],"SSVEP":[132],"dataset":[133],"from":[134],"13":[135],"subjects":[136],"was":[137],"comparing":[140],"classification":[141],"performance":[142],"standard":[149],"CCA":[150],"method.":[151],"Classification":[152],"accuracy":[153,175],"simulated":[155],"information":[156],"transfer":[157],"rates":[158],"(ITR)":[159],"suggest":[160],"that,":[161],"in":[162],"an":[163],"unsupervised":[164],"way,":[165],"could":[169],"considerably":[170],"improve":[171],"with":[178],"little":[179],"computational":[180],"effort.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}