{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053351759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","title":"Automated Sleep Spindle detection using novel EEG features and mixture models","display_name":"Automated Sleep Spindle detection using novel EEG features and mixture models","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053351759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","mag":"2053351759","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032275174","display_name":"Chanakya Reddy Patti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4920-3250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320473756","display_name":"The Royal Melbourne Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/005bvs909","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chanakya Reddy Patti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne Vic 3001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne Vic 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001318971","display_name":"Ramiro Chaparro-Vargas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320473756","display_name":"The Royal Melbourne Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/005bvs909","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756","https://openalex.org/I4210158168"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramiro Chaparro-Vargas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne Vic 3001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne Vic 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065160998","display_name":"Dean Cvetkovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dean Cvetkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032275174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320473756"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76066675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"2221","last_page":"2224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.695086658000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6098459362983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.589245080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.5803295373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5713852643966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5434731245040894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-spindle","display_name":"Sleep spindle","score":0.5340484380722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5254251956939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.42572110891342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-rapid-eye-movement-sleep","display_name":"Non-rapid eye movement sleep","score":0.16475412249565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1620408594608307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.15651491284370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09140843152999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0866486132144928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.695086658000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6098459362983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.589245080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.5803295373916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5713852643966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5434731245040894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143647101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738302","display_name":"Sleep spindle","level":4,"score":0.5340484380722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5254251956939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.42572110891342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20566671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752878","display_name":"Non-rapid eye movement sleep","level":3,"score":0.16475412249565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1620408594608307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.15651491284370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09140843152999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0866486132144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.61RMIT_INST:11247755790001341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402074","display_name":"RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","host_organization_name":"RMIT University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27390588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27390588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964612379","https://openalex.org/W2013065248","https://openalex.org/W2034739975","https://openalex.org/W2048127115","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2050204299","https://openalex.org/W2080929975","https://openalex.org/W2085685023","https://openalex.org/W2123024792","https://openalex.org/W2142446482","https://openalex.org/W2163500734","https://openalex.org/W2884525847","https://openalex.org/W3129711340","https://openalex.org/W7048738093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078675930","https://openalex.org/W4224314815","https://openalex.org/W3148239493","https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W2979421973","https://openalex.org/W2069573252","https://openalex.org/W3150033561","https://openalex.org/W2413808052","https://openalex.org/W3003679367","https://openalex.org/W2409643426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"in":[1,10],"automated":[2,19],"Sleep":[3],"Spindle":[4],"detection":[5,53],"has":[6],"been":[7],"highly":[8],"explored":[9],"the":[11],"past":[12],"few":[13],"years.":[14],"Although":[15],"a":[16,47,107],"number":[17],"of":[18,24,50,75,86,104],"techniques":[20],"were":[21,26,92],"developed,":[22],"many":[23],"them":[25],"based":[27],"on":[28,68],"using":[29,54],"fixed":[30,60],"parameters":[31,61],"or":[32,62],"thresholds":[33],"which":[34],"do":[35],"not":[36],"consider":[37],"subject":[38],"specific":[39],"differences.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"research":[43],"study,":[44],"we":[45],"introduce":[46],"novel":[48],"method":[49],"sleep":[51,79],"spindle":[52],"Gaussian":[55],"Mixture":[56],"Models":[57],"with":[58,96],"no":[59],"thresholds.":[63],"The":[64,89],"algorithm":[65],"was":[66],"tested":[67],"an":[69,101],"online":[70],"public":[71],"spindles":[72],"database":[73],"consisting":[74],"six":[76],"30":[77],"minute":[78],"excerpts":[80],"extracted":[81],"from":[82],"whole":[83],"night":[84],"recordings":[85],"6":[87],"subjects.":[88],"results":[90],"obtained":[91,100],"better":[93],"when":[94],"compared":[95],"other":[97],"methods.":[98],"We":[99],"overall":[102],"sensitivity":[103],"74.9%":[105],"at":[106],"28%":[108],"False":[109],"Positive":[110],"proportion.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}