{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2324304398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","title":"Diagnosis of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis by means of tracking eye parameters","display_name":"Diagnosis of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis by means of tracking eye parameters","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2324304398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","mag":"2324304398","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112896899","display_name":"Muhammad Azri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Azri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029788514","display_name":"Stephanie Ming Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-342X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146690","display_name":"National University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fp9fm22","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078156857","display_name":"Hazel Anne Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146690","display_name":"National University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fp9fm22","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazel Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003369754","display_name":"Clement Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0047-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146690","display_name":"National University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fp9fm22","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clement Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103094921","display_name":"Zhi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8396-2666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92765273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1460","last_page":"1464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11271","display_name":"Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11271","display_name":"Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11538","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myasthenia-gravis","display_name":"Myasthenia gravis","score":0.881959080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ptosis","display_name":"Ptosis","score":0.7782089710235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palpebral-fissure","display_name":"Palpebral fissure","score":0.7563968896865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-myasthenia","display_name":"Ocular myasthenia","score":0.6945938467979431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyelid","display_name":"Eyelid","score":0.5786339640617371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.559427797794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.4962185025215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.47390997409820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34902727603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.346041738986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.28344425559043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12290802597999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11807706952095032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778105408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8285","display_name":"Myasthenia gravis","level":2,"score":0.881959080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781194658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622427","display_name":"Ptosis","level":2,"score":0.7782089710235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42558546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128693","display_name":"Palpebral fissure","level":2,"score":0.7563968896865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777960172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7077140","display_name":"Ocular myasthenia","level":3,"score":0.6945938467979431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781302119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48228","display_name":"Eyelid","level":2,"score":0.5786339640617371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.559427797794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.4962185025215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.47390997409820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34902727603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.346041738986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.28344425559043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12290802597999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11807706952095032}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005143","descriptor_name":"Eyelids","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005143","descriptor_name":"Eyelids","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005143","descriptor_name":"Eyelids","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009157","descriptor_name":"Myasthenia Gravis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009157","descriptor_name":"Myasthenia Gravis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009157","descriptor_name":"Myasthenia Gravis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943876","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/121067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/121067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604111755","https://openalex.org/W1825459403","https://openalex.org/W2015017080","https://openalex.org/W2048214079","https://openalex.org/W2050394165","https://openalex.org/W2052132086","https://openalex.org/W2083229832","https://openalex.org/W2085694036","https://openalex.org/W2118373237","https://openalex.org/W2133102330","https://openalex.org/W2135931458","https://openalex.org/W2139442740","https://openalex.org/W2140696986","https://openalex.org/W2156662784","https://openalex.org/W2157406231","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2317547027","https://openalex.org/W2333447536","https://openalex.org/W2543407974","https://openalex.org/W6679855945","https://openalex.org/W6683027202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070552415","https://openalex.org/W2413791941","https://openalex.org/W2279437325","https://openalex.org/W3217060058","https://openalex.org/W31272954","https://openalex.org/W2084226549","https://openalex.org/W4378953470","https://openalex.org/W2324304398","https://openalex.org/W3162504956","https://openalex.org/W2809775420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ptosis":[0],"of":[1,11,45,52,80,148,151,159],"the":[2,17,87,160],"eyelids":[3],"is":[4,130],"a":[5,9,61,73],"common":[6],"condition":[7],"with":[8,72],"myriad":[10],"causes.":[12],"Its":[13],"management":[14],"depends":[15],"on":[16,102],"underlying":[18],"cause,":[19],"which":[20],"can":[21],"be":[22],"challenging":[23],"to":[24,76,89,137,139,155],"diagnose":[25],"in":[26,124],"some":[27],"cases.":[28],"Current":[29],"diagnosis":[30,79],"methods":[31],"include":[32],"serum":[33],"antibodies,":[34],"tensilon":[35],"test,":[36],"and":[37,50,67,91,95,105,157,173],"electromyography":[38],"(EMG).":[39],"Each":[40],"has":[41],"its":[42],"own":[43],"set":[44],"limitations":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"invasiveness":[49],"lack":[51],"sensitivity.":[53],"To":[54],"overcome":[55],"these":[56],"limitations,":[57],"we":[58,85,108],"have":[59,174],"developed":[60],"Portable":[62],"Realtime":[63],"Infrared":[64],"Lids,":[65],"Iris":[66],"Blink":[68,128],"(PRILIB)":[69],"monitoring":[70],"system,":[71],"long-term":[74],"goal":[75],"improve":[77],"clinical":[78],"ptosis.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"present":[86],"algorithms":[88],"detect":[90],"analyze":[92],"eye":[93],"parameters":[94],"report":[96],"experimental":[97,164],"results.":[98],"From":[99],"experiments":[100],"conducted":[101],"normal":[103],"volunteers":[104],"myasthenic":[106],"patients,":[107],"found":[109],"1.":[110],"Partial":[111],"blinks":[112],"happen":[113],"when":[114],"Ocular":[115],"Myasthenia":[116],"Gravis":[117],"(OMG)":[118],"patients":[119,135,153,172],"are":[120,144],"tired":[121],"or":[122],"engaged":[123],"an":[125],"activity;":[126],"2.":[127],"rate":[129],"significantly":[131],"higher":[132],"for":[133,170,176],"OMG":[134,152,171],"due":[136,154],"failure":[138],"blink":[140],"fully;":[141],"3.":[142],"There":[143],"noticeably":[145],"more":[146],"fluctuations":[147],"palpebral":[149],"aperture":[150],"rising":[156],"falling":[158],"eyelid":[161],"height.":[162],"These":[163],"findings":[165],"suggest":[166],"new":[167],"diagnostic":[168],"features":[169],"implications":[175],"disease":[177],"management.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
