{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2335082765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","title":"Optimizing visual-to-auditory delay for multimodal BCI speller","display_name":"Optimizing visual-to-auditory delay for multimodal BCI speller","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2335082765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","mag":"2335082765","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013041561","display_name":"Xingwei An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-508X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011769657","display_name":"Dong Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8192-2538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067506977","display_name":"Douglas Sterling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152641","display_name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/05ewdps05","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092532","https://openalex.org/I4210152641"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Sterling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075269283","display_name":"Hongzhi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-2718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060955050","display_name":"Benjamin Blankertz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148503","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/045eg9c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Blankertz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurotechnology Group, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurotechnology Group, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148503","https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013041561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64758619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1226","last_page":"1229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8715084791183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7060768604278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.5655462145805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4977152645587921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.34769564867019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3371061384677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1242285668849945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.08526232838630676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8715084791183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7060768604278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.5655462145805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4977152645587921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.34769564867019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3371061384677887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1242285668849945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08526232838630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000161","descriptor_name":"Acoustic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000161","descriptor_name":"Acoustic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000161","descriptor_name":"Acoustic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005071","descriptor_name":"Evoked Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943818","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965463467","https://openalex.org/W1967167074","https://openalex.org/W1968620217","https://openalex.org/W1994235455","https://openalex.org/W2000256460","https://openalex.org/W2018034156","https://openalex.org/W2026435045","https://openalex.org/W2070913574","https://openalex.org/W2107549039","https://openalex.org/W2117615649","https://openalex.org/W2130373887","https://openalex.org/W2149470069","https://openalex.org/W2152171700","https://openalex.org/W2162395976","https://openalex.org/W2498264865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W1555832326","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2081317458","https://openalex.org/W2021532426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"spellers":[1],"combining":[2],"visual":[3],"and":[4,67],"auditory":[5],"stimulation":[6],"have":[7,29],"recently":[8],"gained":[9],"more":[10],"attention":[11],"in":[12,50,90],"ERP-based":[13],"Brain-Computer":[14],"Interfaces":[15],"(BCIs).":[16],"Most":[17],"studies":[18],"found":[19],"an":[20],"improved":[21],"efficiency":[22],"compared":[23,64],"to":[24,52,95],"unimodal":[25],"paradigms":[26],"while":[27],"few":[28],"explored":[30],"the":[31,34,38,54,58,65,75],"effect":[32],"of":[33],"visual-to-auditory":[35,48,107],"delays":[36,85],"on":[37],"spelling":[39],"performance.":[40,62],"Here,":[41],"we":[42],"study":[43],"five":[44],"conditions":[45],"with":[46,105],"different":[47],"delays,":[49],"order":[51],"find":[53],"paradigm":[55],"that":[56,83],"provides":[57],"best":[59],"overall":[60,101],"BCI":[61],"We":[63],"temporal":[66],"spatial":[68],"binary":[69],"classification":[70,77],"accuracy":[71],"as":[72,74],"well":[73],"grand-averaged":[76],"accuracies":[78],"over":[79],"repetitions.":[80],"Results":[81],"show":[82],"long":[84],"may":[86],"cause":[87],"better":[88,100],"performance":[89,102],"early":[91],"time":[92],"intervals":[93],"corresponding":[94],"negative":[96],"ERP":[97],"components,":[98],"but":[99],"is":[103],"achieved":[104],"short":[106],"delays.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
