{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2322814955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","title":"Simulation-based optimization of a near-infrared spectroscopic subcutaneous fat thickness measuring device","display_name":"Simulation-based optimization of a near-infrared spectroscopic subcutaneous fat thickness measuring device","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2322814955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","mag":"2322814955","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086623578","display_name":"Robert Morhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-471X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094386","display_name":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00qerpb33","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Morhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112891226","display_name":"Heather E. Jeffery","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094386","display_name":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00qerpb33","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Jeffery","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077009157","display_name":"Alistair McEwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7597-6372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094386","display_name":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00qerpb33","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair McEwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086623578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094386","https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3398,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64166288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"510","last_page":"513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12279","display_name":"Body Composition Measurement Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12279","display_name":"Body Composition Measurement Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7216113805770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.7021927237510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.6969693899154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penetration-depth","display_name":"Penetration depth","score":0.6139065027236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcutaneous-fat","display_name":"Subcutaneous fat","score":0.5725873708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5090303421020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.49172309041023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.47642335295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.43516698479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermis","display_name":"Dermis","score":0.43253710865974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.416745662689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.40221166610717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adipose-tissue","display_name":"Adipose tissue","score":0.23285332322120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.22376176714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09969830513000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.08054301142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06761881709098816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7216113805770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.7021927237510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43571822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599037","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6969693899154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193493375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306232","display_name":"Penetration depth","level":2,"score":0.6139065027236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018861615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164665","display_name":"Subcutaneous fat","level":3,"score":0.5725873708724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5090303421020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.49172309041023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.47642335295677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.43516698479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777624698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505531","display_name":"Dermis","level":2,"score":0.43253710865974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.416745662689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.40221166610717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171089720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193583","display_name":"Adipose tissue","level":2,"score":0.23285332322120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.22376176714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09969830513000488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.08054301142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06761881709098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050151","descriptor_name":"Subcutaneous Fat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050151","descriptor_name":"Subcutaneous Fat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050151","descriptor_name":"Subcutaneous Fat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529807758","https://openalex.org/W1564103281","https://openalex.org/W1862632621","https://openalex.org/W1900090726","https://openalex.org/W1974071367","https://openalex.org/W1981284335","https://openalex.org/W2002779852","https://openalex.org/W2007358538","https://openalex.org/W2024887179","https://openalex.org/W2029141895","https://openalex.org/W2046983322","https://openalex.org/W2047813588","https://openalex.org/W2074984530","https://openalex.org/W2111024550","https://openalex.org/W2118171276","https://openalex.org/W2118990601","https://openalex.org/W2125044170","https://openalex.org/W2127628180","https://openalex.org/W2132709373","https://openalex.org/W2139684042","https://openalex.org/W2538208486","https://openalex.org/W4255950861","https://openalex.org/W6631608191","https://openalex.org/W6662078996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2398349929","https://openalex.org/W2424005976","https://openalex.org/W2409544010","https://openalex.org/W2412477379","https://openalex.org/W2092803526","https://openalex.org/W1991403931","https://openalex.org/W2086782106","https://openalex.org/W2068134974","https://openalex.org/W2022998555","https://openalex.org/W2013956982"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"Monte":[1],"Carlo":[2],"simulations":[3],"we":[4,81],"optimized":[5],"the":[6,24,71,86,108,126],"wavelength":[7,33,41,143],"and":[8,30,52,74],"source-detector":[9],"distance":[10],"(SDD)":[11],"of":[12,27,88,97,120,128],"a":[13,40,66],"reflectance-based":[14],"spectroscopic":[15],"device":[16,90],"used":[17,93],"for":[18,70,111],"measuring":[19],"subcutaneous":[20],"fat":[21,29,47,112],"thickness.":[22],"As":[23],"optical":[25,79],"properties":[26,80],"muscle,":[28],"dermis":[31],"are":[32,114],"dependent,":[34],"it":[35,59],"is":[36,43,56],"necessary":[37],"to":[38,46,50,84,134],"choose":[39],"that":[42,107,141],"highly":[44],"sensitive":[45],"but":[48,139],"insensitive":[49],"water":[51],"melanin.":[53],"The":[54],"SDD":[55,119],"important":[57],"since":[58],"determines":[60],"average":[61],"photon":[62],"penetration":[63],"depth.":[64],"With":[65],"tissue":[67,78,136],"optics":[68],"plug-in":[69],"GEANT4/GAMOS":[72],"system":[73],"published":[75],"ex":[76],"vivo":[77],"were":[82],"able":[83],"predict":[85],"behavior":[87],"different":[89],"configurations":[91],"when":[92],"with":[94,117],"varying":[95],"thicknesses":[96],"fat,":[98],"melanin":[99],"concentrations":[100],"or":[101],"hydration":[102,137],"levels.":[103],"Our":[104],"results":[105],"indicate":[106],"ideal":[109],"wavelengths":[110],"measurement":[113],"630-650":[115],"nm":[116],"an":[118],"2.6-29":[121],"cm.":[122],"We":[123],"also":[124],"examined":[125],"potential":[127],"using":[129],"near":[130],"infrared":[131],"(NIR)":[132],"spectroscopy":[133],"determine":[135],"levels,":[138],"concluded":[140],"this":[142],"range":[144],"was":[145],"not":[146],"ideal.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
