{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2317553834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","title":"Unsupervised discrimination of motor unit action potentials using spectrograms","display_name":"Unsupervised discrimination of motor unit action potentials using spectrograms","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2317553834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","mag":"2317553834","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25569882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101708835","display_name":"Thuy T. Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-0135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuy T. Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039401016","display_name":"Andrew J. Fuglevand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4349-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Fuglevand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077009157","display_name":"Alistair McEwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7597-6372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair L. McEwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107994859","display_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-3499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73635153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-unit","display_name":"Motor unit","score":0.7075787782669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.6970869898796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6913262009620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5624083876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5200424194335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4920019805431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4145083427429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4051018953323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40073928236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16106104850769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.12939798831939697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781425072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889028","display_name":"Motor unit","level":2,"score":0.7075787782669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.6970869898796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6913262009620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5624083876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5200424194335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4920019805431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4145083427429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4051018953323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40073928236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16106104850769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.12939798831939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009468","descriptor_name":"Neuromuscular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009468","descriptor_name":"Neuromuscular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009468","descriptor_name":"Neuromuscular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018709","descriptor_name":"Statistics, Nonparametric","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018709","descriptor_name":"Statistics, Nonparametric","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018709","descriptor_name":"Statistics, Nonparametric","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943514","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25569882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25569882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.710.6151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.710.6151","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ee.usyd.edu.au/people/philip.leong/UserFiles/File/papers/ap_embc14.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/121274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/121274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538482441","https://openalex.org/W1543301896","https://openalex.org/W1977870419","https://openalex.org/W1990701202","https://openalex.org/W2043154233","https://openalex.org/W2050293473","https://openalex.org/W2068618703","https://openalex.org/W2068711549","https://openalex.org/W2086338123","https://openalex.org/W2097872824","https://openalex.org/W2102372511","https://openalex.org/W2104839346","https://openalex.org/W2118755334","https://openalex.org/W2136104104","https://openalex.org/W2147946355","https://openalex.org/W2171406132","https://openalex.org/W2477653251","https://openalex.org/W4212835817","https://openalex.org/W4239719188","https://openalex.org/W4247619421","https://openalex.org/W6721407985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2897924318","https://openalex.org/W2138997758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Single":[0],"motor":[1,40],"unit":[2,41,53],"activity":[3],"study":[4,51],"is":[5,46],"a":[6,36,47,73,108,142,147,158],"major":[7],"research":[8],"interest":[9],"because":[10],"changes":[11],"of":[12,29,88,95,111,129,132,150,153,171,206],"MUAP":[13,44,79,138,162],"morphology,":[14],"MU":[15,18,172],"activation,":[16],"and":[17,27,177,187],"recruitment":[19],"provide":[20,35],"the":[21,92,130,165,178,197,204],"most":[22],"informative":[23],"part":[24],"in":[25,135,161,169],"diagnosis":[26],"treatment":[28],"neuromuscular":[30],"disorders.":[31],"Intramuscular":[32],"recordings":[33],"often":[34],"more":[37],"than":[38],"one":[39],"activities,":[42],"thus":[43],"discrimination":[45],"crucial":[48],"task":[49],"to":[50,65,164],"single":[52],"activities.":[54],"Most":[55],"neurology":[56],"laboratories":[57],"worldwide":[58],"still":[59],"need":[60],"specialists":[61],"who":[62],"spend":[63],"hours":[64],"classify":[66],"MUAPs.":[67,96],"In":[68,191],"this":[69],"study,":[70],"we":[71,85,100,114],"present":[72],"new":[74],"real-time":[75],"unsupervised":[76],"method":[77,176],"for":[78,182,185,189,194],"discrimination.":[80],"After":[81],"automatically":[82,123],"detect":[83],"MUAPs,":[84],"extract":[86],"features":[87],"spectrogram":[89,118],"images":[90],"from":[91],"wavelet":[93],"coefficients":[94],"Unlike":[97],"benchmark":[98],"methods,":[99],"do":[101],"not":[102],"calculate":[103],"Euclidean":[104],"distances":[105],"which":[106],"assumes":[107],"spherical":[109],"distribution":[110],"data.":[112],"Instead,":[113],"measure":[115],"correlation":[116],"between":[117,174],"images.":[119],"Then":[120],"MUAPs":[121],"are":[122],"discriminated":[124],"without":[125],"any":[126],"prior":[127],"knowledge":[128],"number":[131],"clusters":[133],"as":[134,208],"previous":[136],"works.":[137],"were":[139,180],"detected":[140],"on":[141],"real":[143],"data":[144],"set":[145],"with":[146],"precision":[148],"PPV":[149],"94%":[151],"(tolerance":[152],"2":[154],"ms).":[155],"We":[156],"obtained":[157],"similar":[159],"result":[160],"classification":[163],"reference.":[166],"The":[167],"difference":[168],"percentages":[170],"proportions":[173],"our":[175],"reference":[179],"3%":[181],"MU1,":[183],"0.4%":[184],"MU2,":[186],"12%":[188],"MU3.":[190],"contrast,":[192],"F1-score":[193],"MU3":[195],"reached":[196],"highest":[198,205],"level":[199],"at":[200,203],"91%":[201],"(PPV":[202],"96.64%":[207],"well).":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
