{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2059096379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","title":"Improvements on EMG-based handwriting recognition with DTW algorithm","display_name":"Improvements on EMG-based handwriting recognition with DTW algorithm","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2059096379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","mag":"2059096379","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24110145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101399410","display_name":"Chengzhang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-2031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengzhang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109263662","display_name":"Zheren Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheren Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000732066","display_name":"Lin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101636282","display_name":"Dingguo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-7489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingguo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Mech. Eng., Shanghai Jiao tong Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101399410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73183687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2013","issue":null,"first_page":"2144","last_page":"2147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.8228334188461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.7595199346542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353319525718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.7188795208930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6871094107627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.603569746017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5397077798843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5380738377571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5338460206985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.48625051975250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.4455726444721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4431372284889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.425216406583786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.8228334188461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.7595199346542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353319525718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.7188795208930969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6871094107627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.603569746017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5397077798843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5380738377571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5338460206985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.48625051975250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.4455726444721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4431372284889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.425216406583786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:24110145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24110145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W2000649959","https://openalex.org/W2094711722","https://openalex.org/W2096986553","https://openalex.org/W2106162769","https://openalex.org/W2144994235","https://openalex.org/W6674381024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035561683","https://openalex.org/W2432484786","https://openalex.org/W2169159254","https://openalex.org/W3174657038","https://openalex.org/W1992732116","https://openalex.org/W2067578116","https://openalex.org/W2902494752","https://openalex.org/W2592471899","https://openalex.org/W2382061536","https://openalex.org/W4390673421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"works":[1],"have":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,107],"Dynamic":[5],"Time":[6],"Warping":[7],"(DTW)":[8],"algorithm":[9],"is":[10,59],"a":[11,91],"proper":[12],"method":[13],"of":[14,77,103],"feature":[15],"extraction":[16],"for":[17],"electromyography":[18],"(EMG)-based":[19],"handwriting":[20],"recognition.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"several":[25],"modifications":[26],"are":[27],"proposed":[28],"to":[29,46,61,68],"improve":[30],"the":[31,70,75,108,111],"classification":[32],"process":[33],"and":[34,53,94],"enhance":[35],"recognition":[36,113],"accuracy.":[37],"A":[38],"two-phase":[39],"template":[40],"making":[41],"approach":[42,58],"has":[43],"been":[44],"introduced":[45],"generate":[47],"templates":[48],"with":[49],"more":[50],"salient":[51],"features,":[52],"modified":[54],"Mahalanobis":[55],"Distance":[56,64],"(mMD)":[57],"used":[60],"replace":[62],"Euclidean":[63],"(ED)":[65],"in":[66,83],"order":[67],"minimize":[69],"interclass":[71],"variance.":[72],"To":[73],"validate":[74],"effectiveness":[76],"such":[78],"modifications,":[79],"experiments":[80],"were":[81,100],"conducted,":[82],"which":[84],"four":[85],"subjects":[86],"wrote":[87],"lowercase":[88],"letters":[89],"at":[90],"normal":[92],"speed":[93],"four-channel":[95],"EMG":[96],"signals":[97],"from":[98],"forearms":[99],"recorded.":[101],"Results":[102],"offline":[104],"analysis":[105],"show":[106],"improvements":[109],"increased":[110],"average":[112],"accuracy":[114],"by":[115],"9.20%.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}