{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2154129660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","title":"Multimodal emotion recognition by combining physiological signals and facial expressions: A preliminary study","display_name":"Multimodal emotion recognition by combining physiological signals and facial expressions: A preliminary study","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2154129660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","mag":"2154129660","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23367110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005250905","display_name":"Jukka Kortelainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Kortelainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BOX 4500, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. jukka.kortelainen@ee.oulu.fi","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BOX 4500, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. jukka.kortelainen@ee.oulu.fi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001875461","display_name":"Suvi Tiinanen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Tiinanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083815471","display_name":"Xiaohua Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8897-3517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101691493","display_name":"Xiaobai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051875508","display_name":"Seppo J. Laukka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Laukka","raw_affiliation_strings":["LearnLab, Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LearnLab, Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048302737","display_name":"Matti Pietik\u00e4inen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pietikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059580063","display_name":"Tapio Sepp\u00e4nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3963-0750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Seppanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"5238","last_page":"5241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.8252664804458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","score":0.8065071105957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7427520751953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.7186903953552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.623470664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5561262965202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-valence","display_name":"Emotional valence","score":0.5560480952262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.537205696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.450927197933197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.441763311624527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4351109564304352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.43462392687797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.4283643960952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26556581258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.15054115653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.06430885195732117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.8252664804458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.8065071105957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7427520751953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.7186903953552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.623470664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5561262965202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020774634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113318","display_name":"Emotional valence","level":3,"score":0.5560480952262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.537205696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.450927197933197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.441763311624527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4351109564304352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.43462392687797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4283643960952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26556581258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.15054115653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.06430885195732117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347175","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23367110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23367110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031828545","https://openalex.org/W2075509710","https://openalex.org/W2099703387","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2126909398","https://openalex.org/W2146010402","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2155523271","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2169166781","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2974550657","https://openalex.org/W6678836876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119722321","https://openalex.org/W560265342","https://openalex.org/W2154129660","https://openalex.org/W2943183446","https://openalex.org/W3188183700","https://openalex.org/W4323644278","https://openalex.org/W2783519296","https://openalex.org/W3128522108","https://openalex.org/W3103291722","https://openalex.org/W2971291570"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lately,":[0],"multimodal":[1],"approaches":[2],"for":[3,51],"automatic":[4],"emotion":[5,15],"recognition":[6,16],"have":[7],"gained":[8],"significant":[9],"scientific":[10],"interest.":[11],"In":[12,96],"this":[13],"paper,":[14],"by":[17],"combining":[18],"physiological":[19],"signals":[20],"and":[21,32,54],"facial":[22,33],"expressions":[23,34],"was":[24,80],"studied.":[25],"Heart":[26],"rate":[27],"variability":[28],"parameters,":[29],"respiration":[30],"frequency,":[31],"were":[35,49,89],"used":[36,50],"to":[37,68,72,108],"classify":[38],"person's":[39],"emotions":[40],"while":[41],"watching":[42],"pictures":[43],"with":[44,82],"emotional":[45],"content.":[46],"Three":[47],"classes":[48],"both":[52],"valence":[53],"arousal.":[55],"The":[56],"preliminary":[57],"results":[58],"show":[59],"that,":[60],"over":[61],"the":[62,75,87,110],"proposed":[63],"channels,":[64],"detecting":[65],"arousal":[66],"seem":[67],"be":[69,106],"easier":[70],"compared":[71],"valence.":[73,95],"While":[74],"classification":[76],"performance":[77],"of":[78,86,94],"54.5%":[79],"attained":[81],"arousal,":[83],"only":[84],"38.0%":[85],"samples":[88],"classified":[90],"correctly":[91],"in":[92],"terms":[93],"future,":[97],"additional":[98],"modalities":[99],"as":[100,102],"well":[101],"feature":[103],"selection":[104],"will":[105],"utilized":[107],"improve":[109],"results.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}