{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080332825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","title":"Tangram solved? Prefrontal cortex activation analysis during geometric problem solving","display_name":"Tangram solved? Prefrontal cortex activation analysis during geometric problem solving","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080332825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","mag":"2080332825","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/54112","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026726462","display_name":"Hasan Ayaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-2741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Ayaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. ayaz@drexel.edu","[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. ayaz@drexel.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012896273","display_name":"Patricia A. Shewokis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-9495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Shewokis","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","Drexel University, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032135106","display_name":"Meltem \u0130zzeto\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Izzetoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. P. Cakir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. P. Cakir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University, Informatics Institute, Ankara, 06800, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University, Informatics Institute, Ankara, 06800, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091479243","display_name":"Banu Onaral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-1734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Onaral","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering Science & Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"4724","last_page":"4727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13106","display_name":"Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.921500027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.6957675814628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.6468925476074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5806894898414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.5796539187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5091084837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"Working memory","score":0.4825541377067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posterior-parietal-cortex","display_name":"Posterior parietal cortex","score":0.45507705211639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41349172592163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4043434262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3761078715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2968238294124603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.6957675814628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130796691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750537","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.6468925476074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5806894898414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.5796539187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5091084837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.4825541377067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6757342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3486606","display_name":"Posterior parietal cortex","level":2,"score":0.45507705211639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41349172592163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4043434262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3761078715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2968238294124603}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056344","descriptor_name":"Executive Function","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6347022","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23366983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.metu.edu.tr:11511/54112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/54112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:open.metu.edu.tr:11511/54112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/54112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91167948","https://openalex.org/W1968966421","https://openalex.org/W1972235905","https://openalex.org/W1972245196","https://openalex.org/W1984747701","https://openalex.org/W1999771884","https://openalex.org/W2000052799","https://openalex.org/W2002000666","https://openalex.org/W2008161183","https://openalex.org/W2009829107","https://openalex.org/W2021117093","https://openalex.org/W2037358606","https://openalex.org/W2044362781","https://openalex.org/W2051168999","https://openalex.org/W2057255444","https://openalex.org/W2060031621","https://openalex.org/W2060443602","https://openalex.org/W2103127201","https://openalex.org/W2103608787","https://openalex.org/W2108983720","https://openalex.org/W2109165772","https://openalex.org/W2113545300","https://openalex.org/W2114501209","https://openalex.org/W2117259269","https://openalex.org/W2142004577","https://openalex.org/W2148984341","https://openalex.org/W2156102858","https://openalex.org/W2159733978","https://openalex.org/W2170781328","https://openalex.org/W2803442076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376595809","https://openalex.org/W2514944117","https://openalex.org/W1995248718","https://openalex.org/W2039035530","https://openalex.org/W2328239262","https://openalex.org/W2092348893","https://openalex.org/W2092369775","https://openalex.org/W2762558726","https://openalex.org/W2944529542","https://openalex.org/W2032856377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"neuroimaging":[1,166],"studies":[2],"have":[3,16],"implicated":[4],"prefrontal":[5,66],"and":[6,42,84,154,172],"parietal":[7],"cortices":[8],"for":[9],"mathematical":[10,25],"problem":[11,34,94,107,147],"solving.":[12,95,148],"Mental":[13],"arithmetic":[14],"tasks":[15,86],"been":[17],"used":[18,32,51,138,157],"extensively":[19],"to":[20,60,76,127,139,170],"study":[21,30],"neural":[22],"correlates":[23],"of":[24,80],"reasoning.":[26],"In":[27],"the":[28,110],"present":[29],"we":[31],"geometric":[33,90,146],"sets":[35],"(tangram":[36],"tasks)":[37],"that":[38,87,134],"require":[39],"executive":[40],"planning":[41],"visuospatial":[43],"reasoning":[44],"without":[45,93],"any":[46],"linguistic":[47],"representation":[48],"interference.":[49],"We":[50],"portable":[52],"optical":[53],"brain":[54],"imaging":[55],"(functional":[56],"near":[57],"infrared":[58],"spectroscopy--fNIR)":[59],"monitor":[61],"hemodynamic":[62],"changes":[63,100,115,143],"within":[64],"anterior":[65],"cortex":[67],"during":[68,105,116],"tangram":[69,82,106],"tasks.":[70],"Twelve":[71],"healthy":[72],"subjects":[73],"were":[74,123],"asked":[75],"solve":[77],"a":[78,102],"series":[79],"computerized":[81],"puzzles":[83],"control":[85],"required":[88],"same":[89],"shape":[91],"manipulation":[92],"Total":[96],"hemoglobin":[97],"(HbT)":[98],"concentration":[99],"indicated":[101],"significant":[103],"increase":[104],"solving":[108],"in":[109,158,175],"right":[111],"hemisphere.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"HbT":[114],"failed":[117],"trials":[118],"(when":[119],"no":[120],"solution":[121],"found)":[122],"significantly":[124],"higher":[125],"compared":[126],"successful":[128],"trials.":[129],"These":[130],"preliminary":[131],"results":[132],"suggest":[133],"fNIR":[135,150],"can":[136,155],"be":[137,156],"assess":[140],"cortical":[141],"activation":[142],"induced":[144],"by":[145],"Since":[149],"is":[151],"safe,":[152],"wearable":[153],"ecologically":[159],"valid":[160],"environments":[161],"such":[162],"as":[163],"classrooms,":[164],"this":[165],"tool":[167],"may":[168],"help":[169],"improve":[171],"optimize":[173],"learning":[174],"educational":[176],"settings.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
