{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975870194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","title":"Reducing human error in P300 speller paradigm for brain-computer interface","display_name":"Reducing human error in P300 speller paradigm for brain-computer interface","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975870194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","mag":"1975870194","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031375081","display_name":"Scott Gavett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Gavett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097003971","display_name":"Z. Wygant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Wygant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045","https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014005965","display_name":"Samya Amiri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Amiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045","https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58202 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057604024","display_name":"Reza Fazel-Rezai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2792-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121626","display_name":"Signal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021gzyw51","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Fazel-Rezai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58203 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045","https://openalex.org/I4210121626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, 58203 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60935285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"462","issue":null,"first_page":"2869","last_page":"2872"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7781214118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7713207602500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5861629247665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4984314441680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4967990219593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.48657238483428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4408488869667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34713131189346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3402344584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.2171051800251007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0756005048751831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7781214118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7713207602500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5861629247665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4984314441680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4967990219593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.48657238483428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4408488869667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34713131189346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3402344584465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.2171051800251007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0756005048751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018913","descriptor_name":"Event-Related Potentials, P300","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018913","descriptor_name":"Event-Related Potentials, P300","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018913","descriptor_name":"Event-Related Potentials, P300","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23366523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965649277","https://openalex.org/W2001235665","https://openalex.org/W2039350876","https://openalex.org/W2044455804","https://openalex.org/W2056945694","https://openalex.org/W2098100592","https://openalex.org/W2117026098","https://openalex.org/W2117798368","https://openalex.org/W2145302786","https://openalex.org/W2160722169","https://openalex.org/W2168765820","https://openalex.org/W3216020319","https://openalex.org/W4241598993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W2044053727","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2914170859","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W1969223073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,23,30,38,97,108,115],"brain-computer":[2],"interface":[3],"(BCI)":[4],"speller":[5],"paradigm":[6,71],"was":[7],"first":[8],"introduced":[9],"by":[10],"Farwell":[11],"and":[12,42,46,53,100],"Donchin":[13],"in":[14,37,65,114],"1988,":[15],"there":[16,61],"have":[17],"been":[18],"many":[19],"visual":[20],"modifications":[21],"to":[22,79],"paradigm.":[24,103,117],"Most":[25],"of":[26,40,74,89],"these":[27,75],"changes":[28,36,76],"involve":[29],"original":[31],"matrix":[32,98],"format":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35],"number":[39],"rows":[41],"columns,":[43],"font":[44],"size":[45],"color,":[47],"flash":[48,54],"time":[49],"vs.":[50],"dark":[51],"time,":[52],"order.":[55],"However,":[56],"recent":[57],"studies":[58],"show":[59],"that":[60,72,107],"is":[62,105,111],"human":[63,109],"error":[64,90,110],"generating":[66],"P300":[67],"based":[68,95],"on":[69,96],"this":[70,83,87],"none":[73],"can":[77],"help":[78],"reduce":[80],"it.":[81],"In":[82],"study,":[84],"we":[85],"analyze":[86],"type":[88],"among":[91],"three":[92],"paradigms,":[93],"two":[94],"structure":[99],"one":[101],"region-based":[102,116],"It":[104],"shown":[106],"reduced":[112],"significantly":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}