{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053030105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","title":"Online semi-supervised learning with KL distance weighting for Motor Imagery-based BCI","display_name":"Online semi-supervised learning with KL distance weighting for Motor Imagery-based BCI","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053030105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","mag":"2053030105","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081727011","display_name":"Atieh Bamdadian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0459-9244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Bamdadian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #21-01, Connexis, Singapore 138632. stuab@i2r.a-star.edu.sg","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore","Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #21-01, Connexis, Singapore 138632. stuab@i2r.a-star.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031778999","display_name":"Cuntai Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0872-3276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuntai Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320376","display_name":"Kai Keng Ang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3053-6311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Keng Ang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768355","display_name":"Jian\u2010Xin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-5880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081727011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.286,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78152407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"2732","last_page":"2735"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8759576082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8167694807052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7753974199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7252016663551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.7174228429794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6147202253341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5715034008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.538651704788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5324811339378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42412593960762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38729310035705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3310976028442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.26346874237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8759576082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8167694807052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7753974199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7252016663551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.7174228429794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6147202253341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5715034008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.538651704788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5324811339378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42412593960762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38729310035705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3310976028442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.26346874237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346529","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23366490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/71261","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/71261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988296307","https://openalex.org/W1999513903","https://openalex.org/W2057311210","https://openalex.org/W2060460256","https://openalex.org/W2079228836","https://openalex.org/W2094702568","https://openalex.org/W2099509424","https://openalex.org/W2105162422","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2107549039","https://openalex.org/W2117251170","https://openalex.org/W2129023315","https://openalex.org/W2132360759","https://openalex.org/W2144175475","https://openalex.org/W2153149612","https://openalex.org/W2158571299","https://openalex.org/W2158573165","https://openalex.org/W2162542023","https://openalex.org/W2171745585","https://openalex.org/W2340075068","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W4230946174","https://openalex.org/W6666279874","https://openalex.org/W6670373591","https://openalex.org/W6679555981","https://openalex.org/W6703847784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studies":[0,35],"had":[1,25,36],"shown":[2,26,38],"that":[3,27,39,186,203,234],"Motor":[4],"Imagery-based":[5],"Brain":[6],"Computer":[7],"Interface":[8],"(MI-based":[9],"BCI)":[10],"system":[11,58],"can":[12,250],"be":[13,251],"used":[14,138],"as":[15,20],"a":[16,79,161],"therapeutic":[17],"tool":[18],"such":[19],"for":[21,81,168,212],"stroke":[22],"rehabilitation,":[23],"but":[24],"not":[28],"all":[29],"subjects":[30,264],"could":[31,45],"perform":[32,259,265],"MI":[33,40,73,226],"well.":[34],"also":[37,201],"and":[41,74,88,153,183,242,248],"passive":[42],"movement":[43],"(PM)":[44],"similarly":[46],"activate":[47],"the":[48,52,86,90,110,114,122,129,141,146,150,175,187,204,207,218,221,255],"motor":[49],"system.":[50],"Although":[51],"idea":[53],"of":[54,145,163,174,206,220,244],"calibrating":[55],"MI-based":[56],"BCI":[57],"from":[59,72,113,121,210,225],"PM":[60,211],"data":[61,120,148,165],"is":[62,65,78,137,154,166,246],"promising,":[63],"there":[64,77],"an":[66,98],"inherent":[67],"difference":[68,87],"between":[69],"features":[70,144],"extracted":[71],"PM.":[75],"Therefore,":[76],"need":[80],"online":[82,99,123,164,213,260],"learning":[83,103,262],"to":[84,108,139,217,238,258],"alleviate":[85],"improve":[89],"performance.":[91,230],"Hence,":[92],"in":[93,149,194],"this":[94,127],"study":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"batch":[100,162],"mode":[101],"semi-supervised":[102,170,261],"with":[104,180,196],"KL":[105],"distance":[106],"weighting":[107],"update":[109],"model":[111,208,223],"trained":[112,209,224],"calibration":[115,151,222],"session":[116,152],"by":[117,253],"using":[118,235,254],"unlabeled":[119],"test":[124],"session.":[125],"In":[126],"study,":[128],"Filter":[130],"Bank":[131],"Common":[132],"Spatial":[133],"Pattern":[134],"(FBCSP)":[135],"algorithm":[136],"compute":[140],"most":[142],"discriminative":[143],"EEG":[147],"updated":[155],"iteratively":[156],"on":[157],"each":[158],"band":[159],"after":[160],"available":[167],"performing":[169],"learning.":[171],"The":[172,199,231],"performance":[173,241,249],"proposed":[176,188,256],"method":[177,189,257],"was":[178],"compared":[179,216],"offline":[181,197],"FBCSP,":[182],"results":[184,193,200,232],"showed":[185,202],"yielded":[190,227],"slightly":[191,228],"better":[192,229,240],"comparison":[195],"FBCSP.":[198],"use":[205,219],"session-to-session":[214],"transfer":[215],"suggest":[233],"PM,":[236],"due":[237],"its":[239],"ease":[243],"recording":[245],"feasible":[247],"improved":[252],"while":[263],"MI.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
