{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984137274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","title":"EEG character identification using stimulus sequences designed to maximize mimimal hamming distance","display_name":"EEG character identification using stimulus sequences designed to maximize mimimal hamming distance","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984137274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","mag":"1984137274","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101412157","display_name":"Tadanori Fukami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8140-8814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Fukami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan","Department of Informatics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070132679","display_name":"Takamitsu Shimada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-0551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Shimada","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan","School of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1382, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1382, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079631182","display_name":"Ellen Forney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Forney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036335957","display_name":"Charles W. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7392-3840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. W. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09322254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"1782","last_page":"1785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.8112632632255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6604962348937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6015800833702087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.5578335523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5180185437202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4915352761745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.45026615262031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4501386880874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3477860689163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24790635704994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15168669819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10360777378082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.09537231922149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.07584914565086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.06499126553535461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.8112632632255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6604962348937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6015800833702087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5578335523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5180185437202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4915352761745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.45026615262031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4501386880874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3477860689163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24790635704994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15168669819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10360777378082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.09537231922149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07584914565086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.06499126553535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010775","descriptor_name":"Photic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346295","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23366256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056945694","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2110545034","https://openalex.org/W2159318219","https://openalex.org/W2160634130","https://openalex.org/W2171942401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2943247777","https://openalex.org/W2740543340","https://openalex.org/W2371167013","https://openalex.org/W1582340598","https://openalex.org/W1541021634","https://openalex.org/W2794545997","https://openalex.org/W2584980534","https://openalex.org/W2182731056","https://openalex.org/W66917582","https://openalex.org/W1600949677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"have":[4],"improved":[5],"upon":[6],"the":[7,25,45,49,63,74,82,87,94,104,107,113,128,140,146,149],"P300":[8,52,137],"speller":[9,138],"Brain-Computer":[10],"Interface":[11],"paradigm":[12],"by":[13,100,154],"introducing":[14],"a":[15,32,97,123,135],"new":[16],"character":[17,27,46,125,151],"encoding":[18],"method.":[19],"Our":[20,143],"concept":[21],"in":[22,54,62,78],"detection":[23],"of":[24,34,44,106,134,139],"intended":[26],"is":[28],"not":[29],"based":[30,40],"on":[31,41],"classification":[33],"target":[35,55,108],"and":[36,56,70,102,109,127],"nontarget":[37,57],"responses,":[38],"but":[39],"an":[42],"identifaction":[43],"which":[47],"maximize":[48,81],"difference":[50],"between":[51,86],"amplitudes":[53],"stimuli.":[58],"Each":[59],"bit":[60],"included":[61],"code":[64],"corresponds":[65],"to":[66,80,92,122],"flashing":[67],"character,":[68],"'1',":[69],"non-flashing,":[71],"'0'.":[72],"Here,":[73],"codes":[75,114],"were":[76,130],"constructed":[77],"order":[79],"minimum":[83],"hamming":[84],"distance":[85],"characters.":[88],"Electroencephalography":[89],"was":[90,120,152],"used":[91],"identify":[93],"characters":[95],"using":[96],"waveform":[98],"calculated":[99],"adding":[101],"subtracting":[103],"response":[105],"non-target":[110],"stimulus":[111,117],"according":[112],"respectively.":[115],"This":[116],"presentation":[118],"method":[119,144],"applied":[121],"3\u00d73":[124],"matrix,":[126],"results":[129],"compared":[131],"with":[132],"that":[133],"conventional":[136],"same":[141],"size.":[142],"reduced":[145],"time":[147],"until":[148],"correct":[150],"obtained":[153],"24%.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}