{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975607565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","title":"High precision semi-automated vertebral height measurement using computed tomography: A phantom study","display_name":"High precision semi-automated vertebral height measurement using computed tomography: A phantom study","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975607565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","mag":"1975607565","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058997064","display_name":"Sovira Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-2738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087962","display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/006zn3t30","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210087962"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tanso@mail.nih.gov","National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tanso@mail.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087962"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695406","display_name":"Jianhua Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-9596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155647","display_name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA","Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000777087","display_name":"L Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9214-0845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155647","display_name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA","Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052860753","display_name":"Michael M. Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1857-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087962","display_name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/006zn3t30","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210087962"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. M. Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA","National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087962","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive MSC 1182, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087962"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06574044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"1554","last_page":"1557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-phantom","display_name":"Imaging phantom","score":0.7868564128875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superimposition","display_name":"Superimposition","score":0.7333013415336609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sagittal-plane","display_name":"Sagittal plane","score":0.6670089364051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5387673377990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.49083954095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.4724957048892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.43604668974876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4032762944698334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.3638523817062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3092917799949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2971941828727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2682313919067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.16734471917152405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.7868564128875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143874112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7643452","display_name":"Superimposition","level":2,"score":0.7333013415336609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.6670089364051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5387673377990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.49083954095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.4724957048892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.43604668974876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4032762944698334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3638523817062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3092917799949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2971941828727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2682313919067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.16734471917152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000886","descriptor_name":"Anthropometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000886","descriptor_name":"Anthropometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000886","descriptor_name":"Anthropometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2012.6346239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:23366200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23366200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1238092070","https://openalex.org/W1996374963","https://openalex.org/W2005863235","https://openalex.org/W2029813478","https://openalex.org/W2036660858","https://openalex.org/W2044178924","https://openalex.org/W2062344164","https://openalex.org/W2063346943","https://openalex.org/W2118303481","https://openalex.org/W2150241378","https://openalex.org/W2178629455","https://openalex.org/W3211330693","https://openalex.org/W4233857083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1065848034","https://openalex.org/W3105418574","https://openalex.org/W2105308189","https://openalex.org/W277047599","https://openalex.org/W2883861955","https://openalex.org/W2086163020","https://openalex.org/W2918434324","https://openalex.org/W2415495027","https://openalex.org/W3021868057","https://openalex.org/W3202145981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,94],"measurement":[1],"of":[2,10,37,67,90,119,125,138,140,147,149],"vertebral":[3,84,98,106,128],"heights":[4,85,107,155],"is":[5,18,34],"necessary":[6],"for":[7,21,39],"the":[8,14,35,65,72,87,97,109,117,159],"evaluation":[9],"many":[11],"disorders":[12],"affecting":[13],"spine.":[15],"High":[16],"precision":[17,41,118],"particularly":[19],"important":[20],"longitudinal":[22],"studies":[23],"where":[24],"subtle":[25],"changes":[26],"are":[27],"to":[28,53,64,82,163],"be":[29],"detected.":[30],"Computed":[31],"tomography":[32],"(CT)":[33],"modality":[36],"choice":[38],"high":[40,133],"studies.":[42],"Radiography":[43],"and":[44,104,143],"dual":[45],"emission":[46],"X-ray":[47],"absorptiometry":[48],"(DXA)":[49],"use":[50],"2D":[51,74],"images":[52],"assess":[54],"3D":[55,88],"structures,":[56],"which":[57],"can":[58],"result":[59],"in":[60,86],"poor":[61],"visualization":[62],"due":[63],"superimposition":[66],"extraneous":[68],"anatomical":[69],"objects":[70],"on":[71],"same":[73],"space.":[75],"We":[76,115],"present":[77],"a":[78,91,136,169],"semi-automated":[79],"computer":[80],"algorithm":[81,95,121,160],"measure":[83],"space":[89],"CT":[92],"scan.":[93],"segments":[96],"bodies,":[99],"extracts":[100],"their":[101],"end":[102,113],"plates":[103],"computes":[105],"as":[108],"mean":[110],"distance":[111],"between":[112],"plates.":[114],"evaluated":[116],"our":[120],"using":[122],"repeat":[123],"scans":[124],"an":[126],"anthropomorphic":[127],"phantom.":[129],"Our":[130],"method":[131],"has":[132],"precision,":[134],"with":[135],"coefficient":[137],"variation":[139],"only":[141],"0.197%":[142],"Bland-Altmann":[144],"95%":[145],"limits":[146],"agreement":[148],"[-0.11,":[150],"0.13]":[151],"mm.":[152],"For":[153],"local":[154],"(anterior,":[156],"middle,":[157],"posterior)":[158],"was":[161],"up":[162],"4.2":[164],"times":[165],"more":[166],"precise":[167],"than":[168],"manual":[170],"mid-sagittal":[171],"plane":[172],"method.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}