{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183438874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","title":"Double Deep Q-Learning and SAC Based Hybrid Beamforming for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Systems","display_name":"Double Deep Q-Learning and SAC Based Hybrid Beamforming for 5G and Beyond Millimeter-Wave Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183438874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","mag":"3183438874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032387259","display_name":"Youness Arjoune","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8207-0170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youness Arjoune","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086186578","display_name":"Saleh Faruque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Faruque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56291814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"422","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8696538209915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.7283735275268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7141869068145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6841408014297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6681746244430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.6178459525108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5571675300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.47147703170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4516940116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.41957202553749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3504437506198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33625826239585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27104008197784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21704518795013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1809564232826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13682565093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09426233172416687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8696538209915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.7283735275268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7141869068145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6841408014297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6681746244430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.6178459525108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5571675300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.47147703170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4516940116882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.41957202553749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3504437506198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33625826239585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27104008197784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21704518795013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1809564232826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13682565093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09426233172416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2962785465","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2963923407","https://openalex.org/W2964468371","https://openalex.org/W2982197112","https://openalex.org/W2989598077","https://openalex.org/W2992096220","https://openalex.org/W2998619204","https://openalex.org/W3011134629","https://openalex.org/W3013353193","https://openalex.org/W3015088323","https://openalex.org/W3025061635","https://openalex.org/W3044530764","https://openalex.org/W3046571660","https://openalex.org/W3101999018","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6770407973","https://openalex.org/W6780971154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W4200589288","https://openalex.org/W4380894509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"digital":[1],"beamforming":[2,49,75,101,152],"techniques":[3],"are":[4,195],"costly":[5],"and":[6,45,85,171,200,206],"power":[7],"hungry":[8],"when":[9],"employed":[10],"with":[11,36,168],"massive":[12,156],"multiple":[13,15],"input":[14],"output":[16],"(MIMO)":[17],"systems":[18],"at":[19,98],"the":[20,52,58,80,103,203,223,228],"millimeter-Wave":[21],"(mmWave)":[22],"bands.":[23],"Hybrid":[24],"beamforming,":[25],"which":[26,77,109,134],"uses":[27],"a":[28,37,43,154,163,183,217],"very":[29],"few":[30],"number":[31],"of":[32,39,89,105,222],"radio":[33],"frequency":[34],"chain":[35],"network":[38,174],"phase":[40,59],"shifters,":[41],"is":[42,88,135],"cost-":[44],"an":[46],"energy-efficient":[47],"alternative":[48],"solution.":[50],"However,":[51],"unit":[53],"modulus":[54],"constraint":[55],"imposed":[56],"by":[57],"shifters":[60],"makes":[61],"this":[62,94],"problem":[63],"inherently":[64],"nonconvex,":[65],"therefore":[66],"may":[67],"induce":[68],"unaffordable":[69],"computational":[70,86,207,229],"complexity.":[71,230],"Hence,":[72],"designing":[73],"hybrid":[74,100,151],"algorithms":[76],"further":[78],"improve":[79],"spectral":[81,204,224],"efficiency,":[82,84],"hardware":[83],"efficiency":[87,205,225],"crucial":[90],"importance.":[91],"Therefore,":[92],"in":[93,113,220],"paper,":[95],"we":[96,147],"aim":[97],"solving":[99,114],"using":[102,159,197,202],"theory":[104],"deep":[106,120,165],"reinforcement":[107,121],"learning,":[108],"has":[110,123],"been":[111,124],"successful":[112],"several":[115],"high-dimensional":[116],"nonconvex":[117],"problems.":[118],"Although":[119],"learning":[122,167],"previously":[125],"proposed,":[126],"nearly":[127],"all":[128],"prior":[129],"studies":[130],"focus":[131],"on":[132],"Q-learning,":[133],"known":[136],"to":[137,149],"suffer":[138],"from":[139,143],"overestimation":[140],"bias.":[141],"Different":[142],"these":[144,213],"previous":[145],"studies,":[146],"propose":[148],"solve":[150],"for":[153,177,188],"single-user":[155],"MIMO":[157],"(SU-MIMO)":[158],"two":[160],"methods":[161],"1)":[162],"double":[164],"Q-":[166],"replay":[169],"experience":[170],"soft":[172,184],"target":[173],"updates":[175],"method":[176,187],"discrete":[178],"action":[179,190],"space":[180,191],"setting;":[181],"2)":[182],"actor":[185],"critic":[186],"continuous":[189],"setting.":[192],"These":[193],"models":[194,214],"tested":[196],"numerical":[198],"simulations":[199],"evaluated":[201],"efficiency.":[208],"This":[209],"paper":[210],"shows":[211],"that":[212],"can":[215],"achieve":[216],"near-optimal":[218],"performance":[219],"terms":[221],"while":[226],"reducing":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}