{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186748362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","title":"A Dual Approach for Preventing Blackhole Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using Statistical Techniques and Supervised Machine Learning","display_name":"A Dual Approach for Preventing Blackhole Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using Statistical Techniques and Supervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186748362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","mag":"3186748362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112207212","display_name":"Abiral Acharya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abiral Acharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toledo,Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science,Toledo,Ohio,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toledo,Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science,Toledo,Ohio,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012426972","display_name":"Jared Oluoch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-8180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Oluoch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toledo,Department of Engineering Technology,Toledo,Ohio,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toledo,Department of Engineering Technology,Toledo,Ohio,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77413652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"230","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8049288988113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6482890844345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6298848390579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5543861389160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5268603563308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.5156094431877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4881666302680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.4788936674594879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.47539055347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4639643430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3247237205505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19679996371269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.11314678192138672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8049288988113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6482890844345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6298848390579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5543861389160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5268603563308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.5156094431877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4881666302680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.4788936674594879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47539055347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4639643430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3247237205505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19679996371269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.11314678192138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491885","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74935252","https://openalex.org/W170020907","https://openalex.org/W1549998098","https://openalex.org/W2015308710","https://openalex.org/W2023835067","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2155328695","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2537811407","https://openalex.org/W2556972391","https://openalex.org/W2756291343","https://openalex.org/W2903605945","https://openalex.org/W2905362153","https://openalex.org/W2910871229","https://openalex.org/W2921669785","https://openalex.org/W2950191963","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3081125651","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3107026488","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6757599249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027636740","https://openalex.org/W2964948631","https://openalex.org/W2062688728","https://openalex.org/W2061231656","https://openalex.org/W2771454953","https://openalex.org/W4231650586","https://openalex.org/W3046762796","https://openalex.org/W3202102306","https://openalex.org/W4327774248","https://openalex.org/W2998294818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"Ad":[1],"Hoc":[2],"Networks":[3],"(VANETs)":[4],"have":[5,158],"the":[6,45,52,132,138,193,203],"potential":[7],"to":[8,77,186,202],"improve":[9],"road":[10,22],"safety":[11],"and":[12,40,73,79,101,120,143,150,168,179,188,210],"reduce":[13],"traffic":[14],"congestion":[15],"by":[16,183],"enhancing":[17],"sharing":[18],"of":[19,54,61,107,161,165,172,200],"messages":[20],"about":[21],"conditions.":[23],"Communication":[24],"in":[25,83,197],"VANETs":[26],"depends":[27],"upon":[28],"a":[29,58,67,84,114],"Public":[30],"Key":[31],"Infrastructure":[32],"(PKI)":[33],"that":[34,44,69,89,137,198],"checks":[35],"for":[36],"message":[37],"confidentiality,":[38],"integrity,":[39],"authentication.":[41],"One":[42],"challenge":[43],"PKI":[46],"infrastructure":[47],"does":[48,205],"not":[49,206],"eliminate":[50],"is":[51,110,177,195],"possibility":[53],"malicious":[55],"vehicles":[56,201],"mounting":[57],"Distributed":[59],"Denial":[60],"Service":[62],"(DDoS)":[63],"attack.":[64],"We":[65],"present":[66],"scheme":[68,176,194],"combines":[70],"statistical":[71],"modeling":[72],"machine":[74],"learning":[75],"techniques":[76],"detect":[78],"prevent":[80,189],"blackhole":[81,190],"attacks":[82],"VANET":[85],"environment.Simulation":[86],"results":[87],"demonstrate":[88],"on":[90],"average,":[91],"our":[92],"model":[93],"produces":[94],"an":[95,125,159],"Area":[96],"Under":[97],"The":[98],"Curve":[99],"(ROC)":[100],"Receiver":[102],"Operating":[103],"Characteristics":[104],"(AUC)":[105],"score":[106,119],"96.78%":[108],"which":[109],"much":[111],"higher":[112],"than":[113],"no":[115],"skill":[116],"ROC":[117,127,169],"AUC":[118,128,170],"only":[121],"3.22%":[122],"away":[123],"from":[124],"ideal":[126],"score.":[129],"Considering":[130],"all":[131],"performance":[133],"metrics,":[134],"we":[135],"show":[136],"Support":[139],"Vector":[140],"Machine":[141],"(SVM)":[142],"Gradient":[144],"Boosting":[145],"classifier":[146],"are":[147],"more":[148],"accurate":[149,180],"perform":[151],"consistently":[152],"better":[153],"under":[154],"various":[155],"circumstances.":[156],"Both":[157],"accuracy":[160,209],"over":[162,166,173],"98%,":[163],"F1-scores":[164],"95%,":[167],"scores":[171],"97%.":[174],"Our":[175],"robust":[178],"as":[181],"evidenced":[182],"its":[184,208],"ability":[185],"identify":[187],"attacks.":[191],"Moreover,":[192],"scalable":[196],"addition":[199],"network":[204],"compromise":[207],"robustness.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}