{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185556235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","title":"What is a Digital Twin \u2013 A Mediation Approach","display_name":"What is a Digital Twin \u2013 A Mediation Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185556235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","mag":"3185556235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042108642","display_name":"U. Dahmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-5250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Dahmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108156475","display_name":"Juergen Rossmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juergen Rossmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Man-Machine Interaction, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84544738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"165","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13482","display_name":"Engineering Education and Technology","score":0.910099983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13181","display_name":"Economic and Technological Systems Analysis","score":0.9017000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6717437505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6161121726036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5622013807296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"Mediation","score":0.5190463662147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5115731358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4639228582382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.41537076234817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21982219815254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2104235589504242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6717437505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6161121726036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5622013807296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.5190463662147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5115731358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4639228582382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.41537076234817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21982219815254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2104235589504242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit51626.2021.9491883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:823990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/823990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)<br/>IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology, EIT, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA, 2021-05-14 - 2021-05-15","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047355416","https://openalex.org/W2401076030","https://openalex.org/W2482127302","https://openalex.org/W2521497315","https://openalex.org/W2565281388","https://openalex.org/W2755214325","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W3209398723","https://openalex.org/W4239307578","https://openalex.org/W4246086479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955368606","https://openalex.org/W2261545136","https://openalex.org/W2374348893","https://openalex.org/W1650842635","https://openalex.org/W4382203901","https://openalex.org/W3086657857","https://openalex.org/W4387116737","https://openalex.org/W4210560169","https://openalex.org/W3202911088","https://openalex.org/W42295635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,217],"the":[1,11,15,19,25,47,58,69,81,87,118,123,161,164,176,184,195,198,212,224,232,235,249,268,273],"context":[2],"of":[3,18,21,27,33,57,62,68,76,89,114,144,167,187,197,251,270],"digitalization,":[4],"which":[5,23],"has":[6],"been":[7],"developing":[8],"rapidly":[9],"since":[10],"early":[12],"2010s,":[13],"and":[14,30,60,265],"related":[16,159],"development":[17,59],"Internet":[20],"Things,":[22],"enables":[24],"production":[26],"virtually":[28],"controlled":[29],"networked":[31],"products":[32],"all":[34],"kinds":[35],"with":[36,214],"integrated":[37],"services,":[38],"one":[39],"term":[40,70,119],"is":[41,51,72,85,101,139,158,191,208,248],"gaining":[42],"strongly":[43],"in":[44,154,181,204,231],"importance":[45],"-":[46],"digital":[48,116,177,185,215,225,274],"twin.":[49,178,275],"It":[50],"increasingly":[52],"becoming":[53],"an":[54,73,259],"integral":[55],"part":[56,75],"operation":[61],"technical":[63,132],"systems.":[64],"The":[65,146],"principle":[66],"vividness":[67],"\"twin\"":[71],"essential":[74],"its":[77],"success,":[78],"but":[79],"at":[80,109,122],"same":[82],"time":[83],"it":[84,128,134,207],"also":[86],"core":[88],"a":[90,105,111,115,188,228,252],"problem":[91,264],"that":[92,137,148,163],"cannot":[93],"be":[94,150,220,240],"ignored.":[95],"Since":[96],"no":[97,141],"special":[98],"prior":[99],"knowledge":[100],"required":[102],"to":[103,130,160,172,193,210,219,222,261,266],"have":[104,170],"basic":[106],"understanding":[107,143],"or":[108],"least":[110],"vague":[112],"idea":[113],"twin,":[117],"works":[120],"excellently":[121],"marketing":[124],"level.":[125],"However,":[126],"when":[127],"comes":[129],"concrete":[131],"use,":[133],"turns":[135],"out":[136],"there":[138],"still":[140],"precise":[142],"it.":[145],"definitions":[147],"can":[149],"found":[151],"differ":[152],"significantly":[153],"some":[155,182],"cases.":[156],"This":[157,256],"fact":[162],"large":[165],"number":[166],"application":[168],"areas":[169],"led":[171],"different":[173],"requirements":[174],"for":[175],"For":[179],"example,":[180],"cases":[183,206],"twin":[186,226],"real":[189],"machine":[190,199,213],"supposed":[192,209],"replicate":[194],"state":[196],"as":[200,202,227],"accurately":[201],"possible,":[203],"other":[205],"extend":[211],"services.":[216],"order":[218],"able":[221],"use":[223],"key":[229],"technology":[230],"long":[233],"term,":[234],"parallel":[236],"developments":[237],"must":[238],"now":[239],"gradually":[241],"brought":[242],"together":[243],"again.":[244],"One":[245],"hurdle":[246],"here":[247],"lack":[250],"uniform":[253],"linguistic":[254],"basis.":[255],"paper":[257],"presents":[258],"approach":[260],"address":[262],"this":[263],"facilitate":[267],"exchange":[269],"concepts":[271],"around":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
