{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107277601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","title":"Research on recognition algorithm of free handwritten numerals based on combined structural features","display_name":"Research on recognition algorithm of free handwritten numerals based on combined structural features","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107277601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","mag":"2107277601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Electro-Information Technology , EIT 2013","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061890204","display_name":"Dadong Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110118728","display_name":"Pai Chai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drcjw53","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dadong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002817215","display_name":"Jeong-Young Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110118728","display_name":"Pai Chai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drcjw53","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong-Young Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003777585","display_name":"Mousavinezhad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106969075","display_name":"Idaho State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0162z8b04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mousavinezhad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idaho State Univ., Dept. of Electrical Engineering, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho State Univ., Dept. of Electrical Engineering, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017130582","display_name":"Shariar Hadji Hossein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-6537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110118728","display_name":"Pai Chai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drcjw53","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Hossein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, PAI CHAI University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72409145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3972","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7901235222816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.7527623176574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.684406578540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6441411375999451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6087971329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.606183648109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5857154726982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5428888201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-context","display_name":"Shape context","score":0.5164168477058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4802815616130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4635109007358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-word-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","score":0.42466992139816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-digit","display_name":"Numerical digit","score":0.41710615158081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.3326202929019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.26990199089050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16112753748893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.11904001235961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10642638802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.09060508012771606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7901235222816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.7527623176574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.684406578540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6441411375999451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6087971329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.606183648109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5857154726982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5428888201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970395","display_name":"Shape context","level":3,"score":0.5164168477058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4802815616130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4635109007358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17649283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044162","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","level":5,"score":0.42466992139816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94957134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990","display_name":"Numerical digit","level":2,"score":0.41710615158081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.3326202929019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.26990199089050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16112753748893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.11904001235961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10642638802528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.09060508012771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2013.6632665","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Electro-Information Technology , EIT 2013","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584107896","https://openalex.org/W2056890313","https://openalex.org/W2098136362","https://openalex.org/W2125464731","https://openalex.org/W2146439239","https://openalex.org/W2303083265","https://openalex.org/W2357768363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309724674","https://openalex.org/W2891374022","https://openalex.org/W4383503016","https://openalex.org/W4379619998","https://openalex.org/W2584088274","https://openalex.org/W4206266975","https://openalex.org/W4388115778","https://openalex.org/W4398756423","https://openalex.org/W2153054283","https://openalex.org/W4386427232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Because":[0],"of":[1,27,50,53,94],"its":[2],"large":[3],"differences":[4],"in":[5,111],"writing":[6],"style,":[7],"context-independency":[8],"and":[9,63,69,79,114],"high":[10],"recognition":[11,93,112],"accuracy":[12],"requirement,":[13],"free":[14],"handwritten":[15,28,35,46,96],"digital":[16,36],"identification":[17,37,77],"is":[18,105],"still":[19],"a":[20,33,45,48,72,80],"very":[21],"difficult":[22],"problem.":[23],"Analyzing":[24],"the":[25,54,95,102],"characteristic":[26],"digits,":[29],"this":[30],"paper":[31],"proposes":[32],"new":[34],"method":[38,104],"based":[39,83],"on":[40,65,84],"combining":[41],"structural":[42,51,75,86],"features.":[43],"Given":[44],"digit,":[47],"variety":[49],"features":[52,76,87],"digit":[55],"including":[56],"end":[57],"points,":[58,60],"bifurcation":[59],"horizontal":[61],"lines":[62],"so":[64],"are":[66,88],"identified":[67],"automatically":[68],"robustly":[70],"by":[71],"proposed":[73,103],"extended":[74],"algorithm":[78],"decision":[81],"tree":[82],"those":[85],"constructed":[89],"to":[90,107],"support":[91],"automatic":[92],"digit.":[97],"Experimental":[98],"result":[99],"demonstrates":[100],"that":[101],"superior":[106],"other":[108],"general":[109],"methods":[110],"rate":[113],"robustness.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}