{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075004588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","title":"Modulation and directionality characteristics of free-space optical transmission links","display_name":"Modulation and directionality characteristics of free-space optical transmission links","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075004588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","mag":"2075004588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062901935","display_name":"Xian\u2010Min Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-7882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"X Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056361833","display_name":"Christopher M. Collier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-100X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C M Collier","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073680214","display_name":"Jonathan F. Holzman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-7317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J F Holzman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045995606","display_name":"Julian Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062901935"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62984271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retroreflector","display_name":"Retroreflector","score":0.8891115784645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.6451882123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6331059336662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6096396446228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5803218483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directionality","display_name":"Directionality","score":0.5611786246299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5500043630599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.5229883193969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-modulation-amplitude","display_name":"Optical modulation amplitude","score":0.4878278076648712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-modulator","display_name":"Optical modulator","score":0.47991928458213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.47280019521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-performance-monitoring","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","score":0.4555257260799408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.29972976446151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2877756357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28563594818115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2770349979400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.27214449644088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-modulation","display_name":"Phase modulation","score":0.19589298963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.1921079456806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.18942749500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-amplifier","display_name":"Optical amplifier","score":0.18380442261695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.10873013734817505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135339813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835","display_name":"Retroreflector","level":3,"score":0.8891115784645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.6451882123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6331059336662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6096396446228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5803218483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29648211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995607","display_name":"Directionality","level":2,"score":0.5611786246299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5500043630599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.5229883193969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50831002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098873","display_name":"Optical modulation amplitude","level":4,"score":0.4878278076648712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193690875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906767","display_name":"Optical modulator","level":4,"score":0.47991928458213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.47280019521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.4555257260799408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.29972976446151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2877756357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28563594818115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2770349979400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.27214449644088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.19589298963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.1921079456806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.18942749500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101649071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359305","display_name":"Optical amplifier","level":3,"score":0.18380442261695862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10873013734817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eit.2009.5189574","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007585467","https://openalex.org/W2019952623","https://openalex.org/W2098552440","https://openalex.org/W2109225269","https://openalex.org/W2117509460","https://openalex.org/W2164284137","https://openalex.org/W2227985529","https://openalex.org/W3117609753","https://openalex.org/W4205433324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W168658277","https://openalex.org/W2102223879","https://openalex.org/W2083250540","https://openalex.org/W4401888139","https://openalex.org/W3160539197","https://openalex.org/W2075004588","https://openalex.org/W2582922195","https://openalex.org/W2888945951","https://openalex.org/W4247330267","https://openalex.org/W2138483660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transmission":[0],"characteristics":[1,85],"of":[2,12,27],"free-space":[3],"optical":[4,13,19,42,78],"(FSO)":[5],"data":[6],"transmission":[7],"systems":[8],"are":[9,22,86],"characterized.":[10],"Issues":[11],"directionality,":[14],"being":[15],"related":[16],"to":[17],"the":[18,59],"modulation":[20,84],"depth,":[21],"investigated":[23],"for":[24,40,73],"a":[25,37,66,69],"variety":[26],"retroreflecting":[28],"structures.":[29],"A":[30],"composite":[31],"solid":[32,63],"retroreflector":[33],"is":[34,47,68],"introduced":[35],"as":[36],"novel":[38],"element":[39],"such":[41],"wireless":[43],"systems,":[44],"and":[45,75,81],"it":[46],"shown":[48],"that":[49],"this":[50],"device":[51],"has":[52],"an":[53],"omni-directional":[54],"retroreflective":[55],"angular":[56],"response":[57],"covering":[58],"full":[60],"4pi":[61],"steradians":[62],"angle.":[64],"Such":[65],"configuration":[67],"particularly":[70],"intriguing":[71],"solution":[72],"point-to-point":[74],"line-of-sight":[76],"(LOS)":[77],"communication":[79],"implementations,":[80],"these":[82],"dynamic":[83],"investigated.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}