{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410987199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405","title":"Towards Inclusive Educational AI: Auditing Frontier LLMs for Cultural Biases through a Multiplexity Lens","display_name":"Towards Inclusive Educational AI: Auditing Frontier LLMs for Cultural Biases through a Multiplexity Lens","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410987199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101466143","display_name":"A. Mushtaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-145X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Mushtaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117813097","display_name":"Rafay Naeem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafay Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050020074","display_name":"Imran Taj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9062-025X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Taj","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University,Abu Dhabi,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115757253","display_name":"Ibrahim Ghaznavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Ghaznavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University,Department of Computer Science,Lahore,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037574053","display_name":"Junaid Qadir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-2475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar University,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101466143"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98639997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.7718913555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6123728156089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.6076754331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/through-the-lens-metering","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","score":0.43002158403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3237878084182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3235577344894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3029317259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.28098732233047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.16567841172218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.13556241989135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1158183217048645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.7718913555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6123728156089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6076754331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.43002158403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3237878084182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3235577344894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3029317259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28098732233047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.16567841172218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.13556241989135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1158183217048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016405","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129351762","https://openalex.org/W4308421530","https://openalex.org/W4377227441","https://openalex.org/W4380325134","https://openalex.org/W4386634686","https://openalex.org/W4391435073","https://openalex.org/W4392858382","https://openalex.org/W4397004462","https://openalex.org/W4402354394","https://openalex.org/W4402565126","https://openalex.org/W4405564391","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6787300336","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6810011231","https://openalex.org/W6810792567","https://openalex.org/W6851268924","https://openalex.org/W6855797017","https://openalex.org/W6856939727","https://openalex.org/W6859010493","https://openalex.org/W6860109681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321486002","https://openalex.org/W2050941231","https://openalex.org/W2348285641","https://openalex.org/W1622737280","https://openalex.org/W4321517506","https://openalex.org/W4387524676","https://openalex.org/W2390629623","https://openalex.org/W4399703469","https://openalex.org/W4251444559","https://openalex.org/W2386987825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"like":[5],"GPT-4":[6],"and":[7,24,50,67,82,86,105,121,145,191,233],"Llama":[8],"3":[9],"become":[10],"integral":[11],"to":[12,36,65,174,200],"educational":[13,238],"contexts,":[14],"concerns":[15],"are":[16],"mounting":[17],"over":[18],"the":[19,91,142,186,203,218,241],"cultural":[20,53,69,95,115,157,176,235,251],"biases,":[21,128],"power":[22],"imbalances,":[23],"ethical":[25],"limitations":[26],"embedded":[27],"within":[28,71],"these":[29,127],"technologies.":[30],"Though":[31],"generative":[32],"AI":[33],"tools":[34],"aim":[35],"enhance":[37],"learning":[38],"experiences,":[39],"they":[40],"often":[41],"reflect":[42],"values":[43],"rooted":[44,83],"in":[45,84,117,185,237],"Western,":[46],"Educated,":[47],"Industrialized,":[48],"Rich,":[49],"Democratic":[51],"(WEIRD)":[52],"paradigms,":[54],"potentially":[55],"sidelining":[56],"diverse":[57,94,250],"global":[58],"perspectives.":[59,252],"This":[60,226],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62],"a":[63,98,182,192,210,229,244],"framework":[64],"assess":[66],"mitigate":[68],"bias":[70],"LLMs":[72,112,221],"through":[73],"applied":[74],"multiplexity.":[75],"Multiplexity,":[76],"inspired":[77],"by":[78,181],"Senturk":[79],"et":[80],"al.":[81],"Islamic":[85],"other":[87],"wisdom":[88],"traditions,":[89],"emphasizes":[90],"coexistence":[92],"of":[93],"viewpoints,":[96],"supporting":[97],"multilayered":[99],"epistemology":[100],"that":[101,111,166,248],"integrates":[102],"empirical":[103],"sciences":[104],"normative":[106],"values.":[107],"Our":[108,163],"analysis":[109,208],"reveals":[110],"frequently":[113],"exhibit":[114],"polarization":[116],"both":[118],"overt":[119],"responses":[120],"subtle":[122],"contextual":[123,172],"cues.":[124],"To":[125],"address":[126],"we":[129],"propose":[130],"two":[131],"strategies:":[132],"Contextually-Implemented":[133],"Multiplex":[134,149,205,220],"LLMs,":[135,150],"which":[136],"embed":[137],"multiplex":[138],"principles":[139],"directly":[140],"into":[141],"system":[143],"prompt,":[144],"Multi-Agent":[146],"System":[147],"(MAS)-Implemented":[148],"where":[151],"multiple":[152],"LLM":[153],"agents":[154],"representing":[155],"distinct":[156],"viewpoints":[158],"collaboratively":[159],"generate":[160],"balanced":[161],"responses.":[162],"findings":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"as":[167],"mitigation":[168],"strategies":[169],"evolve":[170],"from":[171,196],"prompting":[173],"MAS-implementation,":[175],"inclusivity":[177,236],"markedly":[178],"improves,":[179],"evidenced":[180],"significant":[183],"rise":[184],"Perspectives":[187],"Distribution":[188],"Score":[189],"(PDS)":[190],"PDS":[193],"Entropy":[194],"increase":[195],"3.25%":[197],"at":[198],"baseline":[199,230],"98%":[201],"with":[202,217],"MAS-Implemented":[204,219],"LLMs.":[206],"Sentiment":[207],"shows":[209],"shift":[211],"towards":[212],"positive":[213],"sentiment":[214],"across":[215],"cultures,":[216],"achieving":[222],"0%":[223],"negative":[224],"sentiment.":[225],"study":[227],"establishes":[228],"for":[231,243],"assessing":[232],"fostering":[234],"AI,":[239],"laying":[240],"groundwork":[242],"globally":[245],"pluralistic":[246],"approach":[247],"respects":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}