{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1512714527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","title":"Spammer success through customization and randomization of URLs","display_name":"Spammer success through customization and randomization of URLs","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1512714527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","mag":"1512714527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068297866","display_name":"Gary Warner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-9652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gary Warner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052991838","display_name":"Dhiraj Rajani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhiraj Rajani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073497240","display_name":"Mike Nagy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Nagy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information Assurance, Joint Forensics Research University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068297866"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03868914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.9432613253593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blacklist","display_name":"Blacklist","score":0.8320975303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.7231256365776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.5047045946121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.494502991437912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3465387225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.12062510848045349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.9432613253593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2535979","display_name":"Blacklist","level":2,"score":0.8320975303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.7231256365776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6134735345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.5047045946121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.494502991437912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3465387225151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12062510848045349}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecrime.2015.7120799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966946111","https://openalex.org/W1990497396","https://openalex.org/W2012481173","https://openalex.org/W2021868130","https://openalex.org/W2030233494","https://openalex.org/W2081108139","https://openalex.org/W2087027764","https://openalex.org/W2094257886","https://openalex.org/W2134385885","https://openalex.org/W2229783338","https://openalex.org/W2337289273","https://openalex.org/W6689198389","https://openalex.org/W6703204992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794575345","https://openalex.org/W2779627157","https://openalex.org/W2334141798","https://openalex.org/W4375830807","https://openalex.org/W2058074787","https://openalex.org/W2492910442","https://openalex.org/W3200671490","https://openalex.org/W3046058513","https://openalex.org/W2255926860","https://openalex.org/W1970956591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spam":[0],"researchers":[1,42],"and":[2,69,95,133],"security":[3],"personnel":[4],"require":[5],"a":[6,58],"method":[7],"for":[8,104,121],"determining":[9],"whether":[10],"the":[11,100,113,130],"URLs":[12,46,72,86,116],"embedded":[13],"in":[14,54,57],"email":[15,55],"messages":[16,56],"are":[17,31,87],"safe":[18],"or":[19],"potentially":[20],"hostile.":[21],"Prior":[22],"research":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"focused":[26],"on":[27],"spam":[28,37],"collections":[29],"that":[30,117],"quite":[32],"insignificant":[33],"compared":[34],"to":[35,74,79,81,111,129],"real-world":[36],"volumes.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"evaluate":[43],"464":[44],"million":[45,50],"representing":[47],"nearly":[48],"1":[49],"unique":[51],"domains":[52],"observed":[53],"six":[59],"day":[60],"period":[61],"from":[62],"November":[63],"2014.":[64],"Four":[65],"methods":[66,108],"of":[67,71,84,99,109,115],"customization":[68],"randomization":[70],"believed":[73],"be":[75,119],"used":[76],"by":[77],"spammers":[78],"attempt":[80],"increase":[82],"deliverability":[83],"their":[85],"explored:":[88],"domain":[89],"diversity,":[90],"hostname":[91],"wild-carding,":[92],"path":[93],"uniqueness,":[94],"attribute":[96],"uniqueness.":[97],"Implications":[98],"findings":[101],"suggest":[102],"improvements":[103],"\u201cURL":[105],"blacklist\u201d":[106],"methods,":[107],"sampling":[110],"decrease":[112],"number":[114],"must":[118],"reviewed":[120],"safety,":[122],"as":[123,125],"well":[124],"presenting":[126],"some":[127],"challenges":[128],"ICANN,":[131],"Registrar,":[132],"Email":[134],"Safety":[135],"communities.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
