{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414322643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957","title":"Balancing Cost and Reliability in Autonomous Agricultural Robotics: A Case Study in Horticulture","display_name":"Balancing Cost and Reliability in Autonomous Agricultural Robotics: A Case Study in Horticulture","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414322643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Conference on Mobile Robots (ECMR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Balancing_Cost_and_Reliability_in_Autonomous_Agricultural_Robotics_A_Case_Study_in_Horticulture/29477069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008665304","display_name":"Jonathan A. Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-7771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024161687","display_name":"James R. Heselden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-4981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Heselden","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088313558","display_name":"Marc Hanheide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7728-1849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Hanheide","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046034083","display_name":"Elizabeth Sklar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Sklar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln,Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems (L-CAS),UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25822736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.5598999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-productivity","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","score":0.2761000096797943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5598999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecmr65884.2025.11162957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 European Conference on Mobile Robots (ECMR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29477069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Balancing_Cost_and_Reliability_in_Autonomous_Agricultural_Robotics_A_Case_Study_in_Horticulture/29477069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29477069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Balancing_Cost_and_Reliability_in_Autonomous_Agricultural_Robotics_A_Case_Study_in_Horticulture/29477069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105998873","https://openalex.org/W1993693807","https://openalex.org/W2312546596","https://openalex.org/W2590852890","https://openalex.org/W2757153082","https://openalex.org/W2808403302","https://openalex.org/W2891333021","https://openalex.org/W2909501706","https://openalex.org/W2926137557","https://openalex.org/W2938050580","https://openalex.org/W2945805290","https://openalex.org/W2949079091","https://openalex.org/W2994978069","https://openalex.org/W2995869436","https://openalex.org/W3048881240","https://openalex.org/W3131231561","https://openalex.org/W3174365589","https://openalex.org/W4224250339","https://openalex.org/W4280532523","https://openalex.org/W4292343596","https://openalex.org/W4307556196","https://openalex.org/W4381930187","https://openalex.org/W4385472914"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"immense":[1],"potential,":[2],"high":[3],"costs":[4],"limit":[5],"agricultural":[6,39,140],"robot":[7],"adoption,":[8],"particularly":[9],"for":[10,49,133],"smaller":[11],"farms.":[12],"This":[13,67,109,127],"research":[14],"explores":[15],"more":[16,97],"affordable":[17,56],"robots,":[18],"sensors,":[19],"and":[20],"navigation":[21,46],"solutions.":[22],"We":[23],"compare":[24],"two":[25],"robots":[26,81],"of":[27,79,106],"differing":[28],"costs,":[29],"evaluating":[30],"their":[31],"performance":[32],"to":[33,58,138],"understand":[34],"the":[35,76,80,93,113],"cost-effectiveness":[36],"trade-off":[37,129],"in":[38,65],"robotics.":[40],"A":[41],"novel":[42],"deep":[43],"learning-based":[44],"visual":[45],"system":[47,86],"(VTAG)":[48],"low-cost":[50,85],"cameras":[51],"is":[52],"featured,":[53],"offering":[54],"an":[55],"alternative":[57],"traditional":[59],"high-precision":[60],"methods":[61],"(e.g.,":[62],"LiDAR,":[63],"GNSS)":[64],"polytunnels.":[66],"comparison":[68],"benchmarks":[69],"our":[70,84],"developed":[71],"autonomy":[72],"stack\u2019s":[73],"performance,":[74],"not":[75],"commercial":[77,94],"viability":[78],"themselves.":[82],"Though":[83],"shows":[87],"a":[88,119],"higher":[89],"intervention":[90],"rate":[91],"than":[92],"prototype,":[95],"requiring":[96],"human":[98],"supervision,":[99],"its":[100],"significantly":[101],"lower":[102],"cost":[103],"enables":[104],"deployment":[105],"multiple":[107],"robots.":[108,141],"approach":[110],"can":[111],"achieve":[112],"same":[114],"fruit":[115],"transportation":[116],"task":[117],"as":[118],"single":[120],"high-cost":[121],"robot,":[122],"with":[123,135],"less":[124],"upfront":[125],"investment.":[126],"cost-reliability":[128],"opens":[130],"new":[131],"avenues":[132],"farms":[134],"limited":[136],"budgets":[137],"deploy":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
