{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138135333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","title":"An improved CMOS current driver for electrical impedance tomography","display_name":"An improved CMOS current driver for electrical impedance tomography","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138135333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","mag":"2138135333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 20th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040378853","display_name":"Loucas Constantinou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loucas Constantinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012493816","display_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108648341","display_name":"P.J. Langlois","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Langlois","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076125502","display_name":"Richard Bayford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8863-6385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60488453","display_name":"Middlesex University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rv4p989","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Bayford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middlesex University, Middlesex, UK","Middlesex University, EN3 4SA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middlesex University, Middlesex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middlesex University, EN3 4SA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032300904","display_name":"Iasonas F. Triantis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8900-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iasonas Triantis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040378853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72431239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"290","last_page":"293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transconductance","display_name":"Transconductance","score":0.7645736336708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-impedance","display_name":"Output impedance","score":0.6937481164932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.6692531704902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6104806661605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5941352844238281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5389465093612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.5174851417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5055637359619141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.4816964566707611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46753355860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-transconductance-amplifier","display_name":"Operational transconductance amplifier","score":0.46137818694114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-source","display_name":"Current source","score":0.44573286175727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4387478530406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.4352206587791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.4017506241798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31689485907554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11810910701751709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779283907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632964","display_name":"Transconductance","level":4,"score":0.7645736336708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58112919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631203","display_name":"Output impedance","level":3,"score":0.6937481164932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.6692531704902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6104806661605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5941352844238281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5389465093612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.5174851417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5055637359619141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4816964566707611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46753355860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58117264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239595","display_name":"Operational transconductance amplifier","level":5,"score":0.46137818694114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781331714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163768","display_name":"Current source","level":3,"score":0.44573286175727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4387478530406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.4352206587791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.4017506241798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31689485907554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11810910701751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043343","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 20th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1377642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1377642/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:    (pp. pp. 290-293).   (2011)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3810647322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E029426/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G792750774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G061629/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597866562","https://openalex.org/W2006846449","https://openalex.org/W2009534827","https://openalex.org/W2017905223","https://openalex.org/W2027369149","https://openalex.org/W2045301133","https://openalex.org/W2058355111","https://openalex.org/W2089418022","https://openalex.org/W2124929650","https://openalex.org/W2131202123","https://openalex.org/W2169868332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783539788","https://openalex.org/W4293528144","https://openalex.org/W2792031931","https://openalex.org/W2341419291","https://openalex.org/W2074850648","https://openalex.org/W2953413763","https://openalex.org/W2556688074","https://openalex.org/W1530143999","https://openalex.org/W2058355111","https://openalex.org/W2042770141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bioelectrical":[0],"impedance":[1,27,69],"measurements":[2],"can":[3],"be":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,32],"a":[7,50,59],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"of":[10,52],"clinical":[11],"applications":[12,20],"for":[13],"monitoring":[14],"and":[15,28,82],"tissue":[16],"characterization.":[17],"Bioimpedance":[18],"measurement":[19],"need":[21],"current":[22,30,46],"drivers":[23],"with":[24,92],"high":[25,88],"output":[26,68],"stable":[29],"injection":[31],"the":[33],"frequencies":[34],"from":[35,71],"DC":[36,72],"to":[37,63,73],"about":[38,74],"10":[39],"MHz.":[40,76],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"presents":[43],"an":[44],"improved":[45],"driver":[47],"based":[48],"on":[49],"pair":[51],"balanced":[53],"operational":[54],"transconductance":[55],"amplifiers":[56],"(OTAs)":[57],"using":[58,84],"negative":[60],"feedback":[61],"loop":[62],"provide":[64],"over":[65],"1":[66],"M\u03a9":[67],"ranging":[70],"5":[75],"The":[77],"circuit":[78],"has":[79],"been":[80],"designed":[81],"simulated":[83],"XFAB":[85],"0.6-\u03bcm":[86],"CMOS":[87],"voltage":[89],"transistor":[90],"models":[91],"\u00b19V":[93],"power":[94],"supplies.":[95],"Simulated":[96],"results":[97],"are":[98],"presented.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
