{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157383432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","title":"Maximizing randomness in ring oscillators for security applications","display_name":"Maximizing randomness in ring oscillators for security applications","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157383432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","mag":"2157383432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 20th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031435587","display_name":"\u00dclk\u00fchan G\u00fcler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-4424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198068145","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77","country_code":"TR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198068145"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulkuhan Guler","raw_affiliation_strings":["T\u00dcB0TAK, UEKAE, Kocaeli, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"T\u00dcB0TAK, UEKAE, Kocaeli, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198068145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052669741","display_name":"G\u00fcnhan D\u00fcndar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2044-2706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunhan Dundar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bogazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bogazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80819535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5154","issue":null,"first_page":"118","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.9411411285400391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.6647039651870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.6433297395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.5805111527442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness-tests","display_name":"Randomness tests","score":0.5396935939788818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","score":0.52999347448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.47250068187713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4657239615917206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.42622387409210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4174846112728119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3817026913166046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35845571756362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3535522222518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.321489542722702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3207022547721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.30975788831710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2862590551376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2777155041694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20848092436790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.20217940211296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.168460875749588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07356885075569153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.9411411285400391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.6647039651870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.6433297395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.5805111527442932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18017163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13560113","display_name":"Randomness tests","level":3,"score":0.5396935939788818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.52999347448349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.47250068187713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4657239615917206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.42622387409210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4174846112728119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3817026913166046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35845571756362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3535522222518921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.321489542722702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3207022547721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30975788831710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2862590551376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2777155041694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20848092436790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.20217940211296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.168460875749588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07356885075569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2011.6043291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 20th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320891","display_name":"International Brain Research Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/0040b6869"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206222754","https://openalex.org/W1588877666","https://openalex.org/W1868304350","https://openalex.org/W2096699625","https://openalex.org/W2098543956","https://openalex.org/W2108324407","https://openalex.org/W2114953806","https://openalex.org/W2167352984","https://openalex.org/W2171992767","https://openalex.org/W3103339143","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W6635070356","https://openalex.org/W6639316159","https://openalex.org/W6685629216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378574941","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2786245220","https://openalex.org/W2360514482","https://openalex.org/W2109259595","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2316835829","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W3134921237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"works":[1],"on":[2,16,125],"generating":[3],"random":[4,28,40,148],"bits":[5],"by":[6],"ring":[7],"oscillators":[8],"(ROs)":[9],"mostly":[10],"do":[11],"not":[12,122],"have":[13,123],"detailed":[14],"analysis":[15],"phase":[17],"noise":[18],"and":[19,43,67,83,103],"jitter":[20],"which":[21],"are":[22,57,70,77],"the":[23,34,50],"entropy":[24],"source":[25],"of":[26,36,52,62,99,119,157],"a":[27,53,96,133],"number":[29,41,149],"generator.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"analyzes":[33],"suitability":[35],"existing":[37],"ROs":[38],"for":[39,101,132,147],"generation":[42],"possible":[44],"improvements":[45],"in":[46,129,155],"order":[47],"to":[48,59],"increase":[49],"randomness":[51,108,118,142,158],"RO.":[54],"Randomness":[55],"equations":[56],"derived,":[58],"understand":[60],"efficiency":[61],"these":[63],"derivations,":[64],"hand":[65],"calculation":[66],"simulation":[68],"results":[69],"compared.":[71],"For":[72,105],"this":[73],"purpose,":[74],"two":[75],"cases":[76],"studied:":[78],"Inverter-based":[79],"Ring":[80,85],"Oscillators":[81,86],"(IbRO)":[82],"Differential":[84],"(DROs).":[87],"0.35\u03bcm":[88],"standard":[89],"CMOS":[90],"process":[91],"has":[92],"been":[93],"used":[94],"with":[95,110],"supply":[97],"voltage":[98],"3.3V":[100],"designs":[102],"analysis.":[104],"both":[106],"ROs,":[107],"increases":[109],"decreasing":[111],"energy.":[112],"It":[113],"is":[114,152],"also":[115],"observed":[116],"that":[117,159],"DRO":[120,137,151],"does":[121],"dependence":[124],"VDDas":[126],"strong":[127],"as":[128],"IbRO.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"given":[134],"oscillation":[135],"frequency,":[136],"exhibits":[138],"48":[139],"times":[140],"more":[141,153],"than":[143],"inverter-based":[144],"one.":[145],"Therefore,":[146],"applications,":[150],"suitable":[154],"terms":[156],"they":[160],"produce.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}