{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413141686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603","title":"Hate Speech Detection in Hindi Using Neural Networks","display_name":"Hate Speech Detection in Hindi Using Neural Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413141686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 18th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/0082000524ea9ef24197fddfd2562f09/download_pub","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095829833","display_name":"Afreen Sorathiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4954-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afreen Sorathiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055754264","display_name":"Jinal H. Mehta","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinal Mehta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DJSCE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DJSCE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116460712","display_name":"Jay Vithlani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Vithlani","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jose State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095829834","display_name":"Manha Sorathiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I226983648","display_name":"Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04qksbm30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I226983648"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160447","display_name":"Universidad de Londres","ror":"https://ror.org/054v4yq51","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}],"countries":["IN","MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sorathiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPSTME (NMIMS)","University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPSTME (NMIMS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I226983648"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092146992","display_name":"Twisha Mehta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-6321"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Twisha Mehta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DJSCE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DJSCE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135758647","display_name":"Harikrishna Suresh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160447","display_name":"Universidad de Londres","ror":"https://ror.org/054v4yq51","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harikrishna Suresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095829834","display_name":"Manha Sorathiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I226983648","display_name":"Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04qksbm30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I226983648"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160447","display_name":"Universidad de Londres","ror":"https://ror.org/054v4yq51","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}],"countries":["IN","MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manha Sorathiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPSTME (NMIMS)","University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPSTME (NMIMS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I226983648"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119281150","display_name":"Mohamed Ayaan Gubitra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160447","display_name":"Universidad de Londres","ror":"https://ror.org/054v4yq51","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ayaan Gubitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160447"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00645045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.8587260246276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7648586630821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5810315012931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5775114297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5075916051864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4835905432701111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.43730810284614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3281906247138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519982507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568","display_name":"Hindi","level":2,"score":0.8587260246276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7648586630821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5810315012931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5775114297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5075916051864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4835905432701111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43730810284614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3281906247138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ecai69016.2026.11613603","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 18th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202508.0402.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0402.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/0082000524ea9ef24197fddfd2562f09/download_pub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202508.0402.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0402.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/0082000524ea9ef24197fddfd2562f09/download_pub","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413141686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413141686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384553807","https://openalex.org/W1557888283","https://openalex.org/W3089999372","https://openalex.org/W2265245145","https://openalex.org/W3110423299","https://openalex.org/W4312229285","https://openalex.org/W2738278463","https://openalex.org/W4308939443","https://openalex.org/W4407040706","https://openalex.org/W4299528489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,120,136],"rise":[1],"of":[2,17,50,142,168],"social":[3],"media":[4],"platforms":[5],"has":[6],"facilitated":[7],"rapid":[8],"communication":[9],"but":[10],"also":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,158,164],"the":[14,76,89,139,165,182],"widespread":[15],"dissemination":[16],"hate":[18,36,143],"speech,":[19],"particularly":[20],"in":[21,38,146],"low-resource":[22],"languages":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,154],"Hindi.":[26],"This":[27,161],"study":[28],"presents":[29],"a":[30,41,150,155],"deep":[31],"learning-based":[32],"approach":[33],"for":[34,177,184],"detecting":[35],"speech":[37,144],"Hindi":[39,147],"using":[40],"Bidirectional":[42],"Long":[43],"Short-Term":[44],"Memory":[45],"(BiLSTM)":[46],"architecture.":[47],"A":[48],"dataset":[49,77],"15,000":[51],"annotated":[52],"posts-sourced":[53],"from":[54],"Twitter,":[55],"newspapers,":[56],"and":[57,64,74,80,92,102,117,148,172,180,190],"televised":[58],"news-was":[59],"curated,":[60],"capturing":[61],"both":[62],"formal":[63],"informal":[65],"language,":[66],"including":[67],"code-mixed":[68],"Hindi-English":[69],"content.":[70],"To":[71],"enhance":[72],"robustness":[73],"generalization,":[75],"was":[78],"combined":[79],"split":[81],"into":[82],"three":[83],"randomized":[84],"train-test":[85],"configurations":[86],"(10k-5k),":[87],"with":[88,105],"model":[90,121],"trained":[91],"evaluated":[93],"independently":[94],"on":[95,170],"each.":[96],"Preprocessing":[97],"steps":[98],"included":[99],"tokenization,":[100],"padding,":[101],"label":[103],"encoding,":[104],"text":[106],"sequences":[107],"passed":[108],"through":[109],"an":[110],"embedding":[111],"layer":[112],"followed":[113],"by":[114],"stacked":[115],"BiLSTM":[116],"dense":[118],"layers.":[119],"achieved":[122],"consistent":[123],"accuracy":[124],"across":[125],"all":[126],"splits":[127],"(72.67%-74.10%),":[128],"demonstrating":[129],"its":[130],"stability":[131],"under":[132],"varied":[133],"data":[134],"distributions.":[135],"findings":[137],"underscore":[138],"linguistic":[140],"challenges":[141],"detection":[145],"propose":[149],"multi-split":[151],"evaluation":[152],"framework":[153],"reliable":[156],"alternative":[157],"single-split":[159],"benchmarks.":[160],"work":[162],"contributes":[163],"growing":[166],"body":[167],"research":[169],"inclusive":[171],"context-aware":[173],"content":[174],"moderation":[175],"systems":[176],"underrepresented":[178],"languages,":[179],"lays":[181],"groundwork":[183],"future":[185],"advancements":[186],"involving":[187],"transformer-based":[188],"models":[189],"multi-label":[191],"classification.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
