{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401693232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834","title":"Distributed Deep Learning for Modulation Classification in 6G Cell-Free Wireless Networks","display_name":"Distributed Deep Learning for Modulation Classification in 6G Cell-Free Wireless Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401693232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/481e6aee-c44e-4d60-90bf-597ec3ea3ea0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017403599","display_name":"Dieter Verbruggen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1779-7397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Verbruggen","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059375633","display_name":"Hazem Sallouha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-1023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazem Sallouha","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028689021","display_name":"Sofie Pollin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Pollin","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) - WaveCoRE,Leuven,Belgium,3000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT) -WaveCoRE KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017403599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.066,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92436085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"114","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9093999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6595867872238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.557796835899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4743403494358063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.47393637895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4046802222728729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20797812938690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07379969954490662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6595867872238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.557796835899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4743403494358063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.47393637895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4046802222728729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20797812938690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07379969954490662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632834","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/741003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/741003","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/481e6aee-c44e-4d60-90bf-597ec3ea3ea0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE DySPAN 2024, Washington, DC, 13-16 May 2024","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/741003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/741003","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/481e6aee-c44e-4d60-90bf-597ec3ea3ea0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE DySPAN 2024, Washington, DC, 13-16 May 2024","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7364198517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12ZE222N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7371897213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096954","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401693232.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964474545","https://openalex.org/W2072987322","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2160981012","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2532525004","https://openalex.org/W2581403161","https://openalex.org/W2605049359","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2895059999","https://openalex.org/W2965824823","https://openalex.org/W3212941463","https://openalex.org/W4220751503","https://openalex.org/W4226179612","https://openalex.org/W4290960497","https://openalex.org/W4383723747","https://openalex.org/W4385694506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2908230797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,8,30,39,83,141,176,180],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,10,32,44,89],"6th":[4],"Generation":[5],"(6G)":[6],"technology,":[7],"emergence":[9],"cell-free":[11,47,80],"networking":[12],"presents":[13],"a":[14,61,132,165,188],"paradigm":[15],"shift,":[16],"revolutionizing":[17],"user":[18],"experiences":[19],"within":[20],"densely":[21],"deployed":[22],"networks":[23],"where":[24,98],"distributed":[25,75,137],"access":[26],"points":[27],"collaborate.":[28],"However,":[29],"integration":[31],"intelligent":[33],"mechanisms":[34],"is":[35,56,101,118],"crucial":[36],"for":[37,64,77],"optimizing":[38],"efficiency,":[40],"scalability,":[41],"and":[42,66,87,135,152,155],"adaptability":[43],"these":[45],"6G":[46],"networks.":[48],"One":[49],"application":[50],"aiming":[51],"to":[52,105],"optimize":[53],"spectrum":[54],"usage":[55],"Automatic":[57],"Modulation":[58],"Classification":[59],"(AMC),":[60],"vital":[62],"component":[63],"classifying":[65,140],"dynamically":[67],"adjusting":[68],"modulation":[69],"schemes.":[70],"This":[71,143],"paper":[72],"explores":[73],"different":[74],"solutions":[76],"AMC":[78],"in":[79,168,187],"networks,":[81],"addressing":[82],"training,":[84],"computational":[85,126,173,181,191],"complexity,":[86],"accuracy":[88,117,169],"two":[90],"practical":[91],"approaches.":[92],"The":[93,128,158],"first":[94],"approach":[95,130],"addresses":[96],"scenarios":[97],"signal":[99,150,156],"sharing":[100],"not":[102],"feasible":[103],"due":[104],"privacy":[106],"concerns":[107],"or":[108],"fronthaul":[109],"limitations.":[110],"Our":[111],"findings":[112],"reveal":[113],"that":[114],"maintaining":[115],"comparable":[116],"remarkably":[119],"achievable,":[120],"yet":[121],"it":[122],"comes":[123],"with":[124,170],"increased":[125],"demand.":[127],"second":[129],"considers":[131],"central":[133],"model":[134,145,160,178],"multiple":[136,184],"models":[138],"collaboratively":[139],"modulation.":[142],"hybrid":[144,159,177],"leverages":[146],"diversity":[147],"gain":[148],"through":[149],"combining":[151],"requires":[153],"synchronization":[154],"sharing.":[157],"demonstrates":[161],"superior":[162],"performance,":[163],"achieving":[164],"2.5%":[166],"improvement":[167],"equivalent":[171],"total":[172],"load.":[174,192],"Notably,":[175],"distributes":[179],"load":[182],"across":[183],"devices,":[185],"resulting":[186],"lower":[189],"individual":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
