{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021819634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","title":"A FPGA-based Control-Flow Integrity Solution for Securing Bare-Metal Embedded Systems","display_name":"A FPGA-based Control-Flow Integrity Solution for Securing Bare-Metal Embedded Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021819634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","mag":"3021819634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 15th Design & Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era (DTIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055234714","display_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Maunero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4331-1066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicolo Maunero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036258272","display_name":"P. Prinetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Prinetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048351413","display_name":"Gianluca Roascio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-0855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Roascio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018464093","display_name":"Antonio Varriale","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Varriale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blu5 Labs Ltd., Malta"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blu5 Labs Ltd., Malta","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055234714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81735398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7768089771270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6598828434944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.627156138420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.49624162912368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.47588053345680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrupt","display_name":"Interrupt","score":0.44624796509742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44514980912208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-reuse","display_name":"Code reuse","score":0.4404239058494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4315034747123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.41697052121162415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768089771270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6598828434944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.627156138420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.49624162912368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.47588053345680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41661131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220764","display_name":"Interrupt","level":3,"score":0.44624796509742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44514980912208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.4404239058494568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4315034747123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.41697052121162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dtis48698.2020.9081314","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 15th Design & Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era (DTIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495630617","https://openalex.org/W1538332098","https://openalex.org/W1592300071","https://openalex.org/W1969501726","https://openalex.org/W1988331803","https://openalex.org/W1990479229","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2004456327","https://openalex.org/W2006621394","https://openalex.org/W2074943483","https://openalex.org/W2089448621","https://openalex.org/W2099382052","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2141389113","https://openalex.org/W2153256720","https://openalex.org/W2156620605","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2168264487","https://openalex.org/W2170754637","https://openalex.org/W2171929398","https://openalex.org/W2295234910","https://openalex.org/W2397986719","https://openalex.org/W2406423978","https://openalex.org/W2562625553","https://openalex.org/W2612418998","https://openalex.org/W2625587722","https://openalex.org/W2626499139","https://openalex.org/W2753562754","https://openalex.org/W2754364482","https://openalex.org/W2754627801","https://openalex.org/W2769234212","https://openalex.org/W2769417840","https://openalex.org/W2795239434","https://openalex.org/W2798554197","https://openalex.org/W2810856120","https://openalex.org/W2886993607","https://openalex.org/W2896352507","https://openalex.org/W2897174340","https://openalex.org/W2898466078","https://openalex.org/W2907968877","https://openalex.org/W2910513293","https://openalex.org/W2946534662","https://openalex.org/W2978757628","https://openalex.org/W2982485227","https://openalex.org/W3103497171","https://openalex.org/W4251418083","https://openalex.org/W6635517346","https://openalex.org/W6685102819","https://openalex.org/W6712915683","https://openalex.org/W6768779726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973637778","https://openalex.org/W1535498519","https://openalex.org/W2980275592","https://openalex.org/W3023320523","https://openalex.org/W3020865779","https://openalex.org/W33561621","https://openalex.org/W2050320489","https://openalex.org/W2119513475","https://openalex.org/W2433374248","https://openalex.org/W4328027208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memory":[0],"corruption":[1,183],"vulnerabilities,":[2],"mainly":[3],"present":[4,35],"in":[5,36,156],"C":[6],"and":[7,47,56,84,107,134,137,176],"C++":[8],"applications,":[9],"may":[10],"enable":[11],"attackers":[12],"to":[13,28,67,81,95,150,158,170],"maliciously":[14],"take":[15],"control":[16],"over":[17],"the":[18,40,142,151,174,178],"program":[19],"running":[20],"on":[21,140],"a":[22,64,104],"target":[23],"machine":[24],"by":[25],"forcing":[26],"it":[27],"execute":[29,118],"an":[30,147,164],"unintended":[31],"sequence":[32],"of":[33,42,48,89,163],"instructions":[34],"memory.":[37],"This":[38],"is":[39,63,138],"principle":[41,157],"modern":[43],"Code-Reuse":[44],"Attacks":[45],"(CRAs)":[46],"famous":[49],"attack":[50],"paradigms":[51],"as":[52,189],"Return-Oriented":[53],"Programming":[54,58],"(ROP)":[55],"Jump-Oriented":[57],"(JOP).":[59],"Control-Flow":[60,143],"Integrity":[61],"(CFI)":[62],"promising":[65],"approach":[66],"protect":[68],"against":[69],"such":[70,188],"runtime":[71],"attacks.":[72],"Recently,":[73],"many":[74,88],"CFI-based":[75],"solutions":[76,91],"have":[77],"been":[78],"proposed,":[79],"resorting":[80],"both":[82],"hardware":[83,135],"software":[85,133],"implementations.":[86],"However,":[87],"these":[90],"are":[92],"hardly":[93],"applicable":[94,155],"microcontroller":[96],"systems,":[97,114],"often":[98],"very":[99],"resource-limited.":[100],"The":[101,129,153],"paper":[102],"presents":[103],"generic,":[105],"portable,":[106],"lightweight":[108],"CFI":[109],"solution":[110],"for":[111],"bare-metal":[112],"embedded":[113],"i.e.,":[115],"systems":[116],"that":[117],"firmware":[119],"directly":[120],"from":[121,181],"their":[122],"Flash":[123],"memory,":[124],"without":[125],"any":[126,159],"Operating":[127],"System.":[128],"proposed":[130],"defense":[131],"mixes":[132],"instrumentation":[136],"based":[139],"monitoring":[141],"Graph":[144],"(CFG)":[145],"with":[146,173],"FPGA":[148],"connected":[149],"CPU.":[152],"solution,":[154],"architecture":[160],"which":[161],"disposes":[162],"FPGA,":[165],"forces":[166],"all":[167],"control-flow":[168],"transfers":[169],"be":[171],"compliant":[172],"CFG,":[175],"preserves":[177],"execution":[179],"context":[180],"possible":[182],"when":[184],"entering":[185],"unpredictable":[186],"code":[187],"Interrupt":[190],"Services":[191],"Routines":[192],"(ISR).":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}