{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389820208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154","title":"Highly Optimized Curve448 and Ed448 design in wolfSSL and Side-Channel Evaluation on Cortex-M4","display_name":"Highly Optimized Curve448 and Ed448 design in wolfSSL and Side-Channel Evaluation on Cortex-M4","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389820208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing (DSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050880623","display_name":"Mila Anastasova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3530-7024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mila Anastasova","raw_affiliation_strings":["I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084336749","display_name":"Rabih El Khatib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabih El Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093511435","display_name":"Aimee Laclaustra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimee Laclaustra","raw_affiliation_strings":["I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064156050","display_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL","PQSecure Technologies, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University,Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,Boca Raton,FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, I-SENSE at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PQSecure Technologies, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025872285","display_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-3109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida,Computer Engineering and Science Department,Tampa,FL","Computer Engineering and Science Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida,Computer Engineering and Science Department,Tampa,FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Science Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9498055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7746573090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.7004907727241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.6988965272903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6436452269554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6286187171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curve25519","display_name":"Curve25519","score":0.5541396737098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4802303910255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.47162675857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.46414318680763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43086493015289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.41624295711517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.30702537298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27915769815444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1642005443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1526518166065216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.1149149239063263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7746573090553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7004907727241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.6988965272903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6436452269554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6286187171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198690329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15702839","display_name":"Curve25519","level":5,"score":0.5541396737098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4802303910255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.47162675857543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46414318680763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43086493015289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.41624295711517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.30702537298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27915769815444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1642005443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1526518166065216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.1149149239063263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dsc61021.2023.10354154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing (DSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50929040","https://openalex.org/W141690682","https://openalex.org/W1508193711","https://openalex.org/W1523814493","https://openalex.org/W1565369953","https://openalex.org/W1567573409","https://openalex.org/W1910751411","https://openalex.org/W1971605365","https://openalex.org/W2115148615","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2163754149","https://openalex.org/W2185101306","https://openalex.org/W2404365912","https://openalex.org/W2407740922","https://openalex.org/W2507130841","https://openalex.org/W2752986023","https://openalex.org/W2785011856","https://openalex.org/W2793403472","https://openalex.org/W2884154563","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W2946336342","https://openalex.org/W2962972391","https://openalex.org/W2989660162","https://openalex.org/W3086755341","https://openalex.org/W3127559278","https://openalex.org/W3184144680","https://openalex.org/W3203012334","https://openalex.org/W4292075327","https://openalex.org/W4310996190","https://openalex.org/W4361858981","https://openalex.org/W4386965268","https://openalex.org/W6713761476","https://openalex.org/W6714030168","https://openalex.org/W6744086781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782833818","https://openalex.org/W3117705379","https://openalex.org/W4387402446","https://openalex.org/W1999560184","https://openalex.org/W4242526801","https://openalex.org/W2102786134","https://openalex.org/W2109846861","https://openalex.org/W4312920169","https://openalex.org/W2355171949","https://openalex.org/W179933844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27],"compact":[1],"key":[2,80],"sizes":[3],"and":[4,70,82,118,122,125,130,178,188,218],"the":[5,10,61,66,111,134,137,142,155,180,191,204,210,233],"low":[6],"computational":[7],"latency":[8,181],"of":[9,16,63,136,154,193,212,222],"Elliptic":[11],"Curve":[12],"Cryptography":[13],"(ECC)":[14],"family":[15],"curves":[17],"sparked":[18],"high":[19],"interest":[20],"in":[21,60],"their":[22,56,96,176],"integration":[23,62],"into":[24,41,65,110],"network":[25],"protocols.":[26],"recently":[28],"suggested":[29],"Curve448,":[30],"assuring":[31],"224-bit":[32],"security,":[33,57],"is":[34],"an":[35],"ideal":[36],"curve":[37,76],"choice":[38],"for":[39,79,89],"integrating":[40],"cryptographic":[42,92,115],"libraries":[43,93],"according":[44],"to":[45,95,171,232],"a":[46,86],"late":[47],"study":[48],"on":[49,51,128],"backdoors":[50],"other":[52],"ECC":[53],"instances":[54],"compromising":[55],"which":[58],"results":[59],"Curve448":[64,69,129,187,217],"TLS1.3":[67,223],"protocol.":[68],"its":[71],"birationally":[72],"equivalent":[73],"untwisted":[74],"Edwards":[75],"Ed448,":[77],"used":[78],"exchange":[81],"authentication,":[83],"respectively,":[84],"present":[85,119],"perfect":[87],"fit":[88],"low-end":[90],"embedded":[91],"due":[94],"minimal":[97],"memory":[98],"requirements.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"work,":[102],"we":[103,208],"deploy":[104],"optimized":[105],"Montgomery":[106,157],"Ladder":[107,158],"point":[108],"multiplication":[109],"widely":[112],"employed":[113],"IoT-focused":[114],"library":[116],"wolfSSL":[117,235],"side-channel":[120,152],"robust":[121,186],"efficient":[123],"ECDH":[124],"EdDSA":[126],"based":[127],"Ed448.":[131],"We":[132,149,168,183],"evaluate":[133,175],"performance":[135,211,230],"newly":[138],"integrated":[139],"architectures":[140],"against":[141],"NIST":[143],"recommended":[144],"CortexM4":[145],"STM32F407-DK":[146],"ARM-based":[147],"platform.":[148],"perform":[150],"thorough":[151],"evaluation":[153],"proposed":[156],"implementation":[159],"via":[160],"powerful":[161],"TVLA":[162],"analysis":[163],"revealing":[164],"DPA":[165],"data":[166],"leakage.":[167],"integrate":[169],"countermeasures":[170],"protect":[172],"our":[173,213],"design,":[174],"effectiveness":[177],"analyze":[179],"overhead.":[182],"achieve":[184],"SCA":[185,215],"Ed448":[189,219],"at":[190],"cost":[192],"around":[194],"$1":[195,226],".2":[196],"{MCC":[197],"}":[198],"(":[199],"1":[200],".":[201,227],"36":[202],"\\times$":[203,229],"execution":[205],"time).":[206],"Finally,":[207],"report":[209],"fully":[214],"protected":[216],"as":[220],"part":[221],"wolfSSL,":[224],"reporting":[225],"04":[228],"compared":[231],"original":[234],"code.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}