{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013521251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","title":"Towards Vacuum-Less Operation of Nanoscale Vacuum Channel Transistors","display_name":"Towards Vacuum-Less Operation of Nanoscale Vacuum Channel Transistors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013521251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","mag":"3013521251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Device Research Conference (DRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/137434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018574560","display_name":"Girish Rughoobur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Girish Rughoobur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030117825","display_name":"Lay Jain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lay Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063695026","display_name":"Akintunde I. Akinwande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3001-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akintunde I. Akinwande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018574560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47142972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"47","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10083","display_name":"Graphene research and applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10781","display_name":"Plasma Diagnostics and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6081150770187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.5964889526367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5287995934486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-emitter","display_name":"Common emitter","score":0.5011441707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphene","display_name":"Graphene","score":0.4673521816730499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion","display_name":"Ion","score":0.4386464059352875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-level","display_name":"Vacuum level","score":0.41314461827278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-physics","display_name":"Atomic physics","score":0.3638852834701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.3005613386631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24534004926681519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6081150770187378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.5964889526367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5287995934486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.5011441707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.4673521816730499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.4386464059352875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153688788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494243","display_name":"Vacuum level","level":2,"score":0.41314461827278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.3638852834701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3005613386631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24534004926681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc46940.2019.9046454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Device Research Conference (DRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/137434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/137434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Other repository","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/137434.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/137434.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Other repository","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/137434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/137434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Other repository","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049298145","https://openalex.org/W2114351820","https://openalex.org/W2313220462","https://openalex.org/W2609521020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606452130","https://openalex.org/W3149465128","https://openalex.org/W3196929922","https://openalex.org/W2377562106","https://openalex.org/W3103904106","https://openalex.org/W2081887179","https://openalex.org/W4321795992","https://openalex.org/W2328592354","https://openalex.org/W3033906315","https://openalex.org/W2032893505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nanoscale":[0],"Vacuum":[1],"Channel":[2],"Transistors":[3],"(NVCTs)":[4],"could":[5,81],"potentially":[6],"have":[7,64,72],"superior":[8],"performance":[9],"compared":[10],"to":[11,20,107,124,134,161,220,224],"solid":[12],"state":[13],"devices":[14],"of":[15,23,78,114,136,239],"equivalent":[16],"channel":[17,38],"length":[18],"owing":[19],"ballistic":[21],"transport":[22,37],"electrons,":[24],"shorter":[25],"transit":[26],"time":[27],"and":[28,44,61,148],"higher":[29],"intrinsic":[30],"breakdown":[31,67],"voltage":[32,68],"[1,":[33],"2].":[34],"The":[35],"electron":[36,237],"in":[39,119,127,170,173,202],"NVCTs":[40,62,71],"is":[41,47,52,105],"free":[42],"space":[43],"hence":[45],"there":[46,51],"no":[48,53],"scattering.":[49],"Furthermore,":[50],"opportunity":[54],"for":[55,74,96],"ionization":[56,180],"or":[57,172],"avalanche":[58],"carrier":[59],"multiplication":[60],"can":[63,199],"very":[65],"high":[66,84,179],"[1].":[69],"Hence":[70],"promise":[73],"Johnson":[75],"fi":[76,101,166,185],"gure":[77],"merit":[79],"that":[80,139,217],"be":[82,200,228],"as":[83,85,99],"10":[86],"14":[87],"V/s.":[88],"However,":[89],"they":[90],"need":[91],"ultra":[92],"-high":[93],"vacuum":[94,131],"(UHV)":[95],"reliable":[97],"operation":[98],"the":[100,120,141,145,154,165,184,190,194,236],"eld":[102,167,186],"emission":[103,187],"process":[104],"sensitive":[106],"barrier":[108,121],"height":[109,122],"variations":[110,126],"induced":[111],"by":[112],"adsorption/desorption":[113],"gas":[115,175,225],"molecules.":[116],"Small":[117],"changes":[118],"lead":[123],"exponential":[125],"current":[128],"[3].":[129],"Poor":[130],"also":[132],"leads":[133],"generation":[135],"energetic":[137],"ions":[138],"bombard":[140],"emitter":[142,168],"tips,":[143],"rendering":[144],"tips":[146],"blunt":[147],"degrading":[149],"electrical":[150],"performance.":[151],"To":[152],"overcome":[153],"UHV":[155,171],"requirement,":[156],"we":[157,234],"propose":[158],"using":[159],"graphene":[160,215,241],"nano":[162],"-encapsulate":[163],"only":[164],"either":[169],"a":[174,203],"(e.g.":[176],"helium)":[177],"with":[178],"energy.":[181],"By":[182],"separating":[183],"region":[188,192],"from":[189],"acceleration":[191],"(where":[193],"electrons":[195,198,221],"acquire":[196],"energy),":[197],"transported":[201],"non":[204],"-ideal":[205],"vacuum,":[206],"if":[207],"not":[208],"atmospheric":[209],"conditions.":[210],"For":[211],"mechanical":[212],"strength,":[213],"multiple":[214,240],"layers":[216],"are":[218],"transparent":[219],"while":[222],"impervious":[223],"molecules/ions":[226],"must":[227],"used":[229],"[4-6].":[230],"In":[231],"this":[232],"work":[233],"demonstrate":[235],"transparency":[238],"layers.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
