{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889449099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","title":"Tunable Random Number Generation Using Single Superparamagnet with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy","display_name":"Tunable Random Number Generation Using Single Superparamagnet with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889449099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","mag":"2889449099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 76th Device Research Conference (DRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041342330","display_name":"Punyashloka Debashis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7408-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Punyashloka Debashis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430120","display_name":"Zhihong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041342330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7636641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12405","display_name":"Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7651917934417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideal","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","score":0.6652824878692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.6053131222724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.5691666603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5209252238273621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perpendicular","display_name":"Perpendicular","score":0.5153152942657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5082347393035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.45357075333595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4430689811706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-anisotropy","display_name":"Magnetic anisotropy","score":0.4393928349018097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3645382821559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3464652895927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3298848867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22835087776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.17549118399620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15085023641586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12692990899085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11709466576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.08784779906272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06858885288238525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7651917934417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.6652824878692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.6053131222724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.5691666603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5209252238273621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199631012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205034","display_name":"Perpendicular","level":2,"score":0.5153152942657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5082347393035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.45357075333595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4430689811706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32938098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918398","display_name":"Magnetic anisotropy","level":4,"score":0.4393928349018097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3645382821559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3464652895927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3298848867416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22835087776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.17549118399620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15085023641586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12692990899085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11709466576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.08784779906272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06858885288238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/drc.2018.8442154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 76th Device Research Conference (DRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096228717","https://openalex.org/W2096445739"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134921237","https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W2109259595","https://openalex.org/W2360514482","https://openalex.org/W4378574941","https://openalex.org/W1989613568","https://openalex.org/W2247946197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"random":[1],"number":[2],"generators":[3],"(RNGs)":[4],"are":[5],"specialized":[6],"circuits":[7],"that":[8],"often":[9],"come":[10],"with":[11,33],"large":[12],"silicon":[13],"footprints":[14],"<sup":[15,68],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[16,69],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sup>":[17],".":[18,71],"In":[19],"this":[20,60],"work,":[21],"we":[22,45],"experimentally":[23],"demonstrate":[24],"a":[25,28],"RNG":[26],"using":[27],"single":[29],"low":[30],"barrier":[31],"magnet":[32],"perpendicular":[34],"magnetic":[35,54],"anisotropy":[36],"(PMA)":[37],"by":[38,52],"utilizing":[39],"its":[40,50],"inherent":[41],"stochasticity.":[42],"More":[43],"importantly,":[44],"show":[46],"the":[47],"tunability":[48],"of":[49],"randomness":[51],"applying":[53],"field":[55],"or":[56],"current,":[57],"which":[58],"makes":[59],"device":[61],"an":[62],"ideal":[63],"candidate":[64],"for":[65],"probabilistic":[66],"computing":[67],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[70]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}