{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998227124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","title":"FFD: Figure and Formula Detection from Document Images","display_name":"FFD: Figure and Formula Detection from Document Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998227124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","mag":"2998227124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074164846","display_name":"Junaid Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4697-0737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034525422","display_name":"Syed Tahseen Raza Rizvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4359-4772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Tahseen Raza Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103159827","display_name":"Muhammad Imran Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8079-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Centre of Artificial Intelligence NCAI-NUST, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Artificial Intelligence NCAI-NUST, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003304863","display_name":"Faisal Shafait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0922-0566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Shafait","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Centre of Artificial Intelligence NCAI-NUST, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre of Artificial Intelligence NCAI-NUST, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063453660","display_name":"Paul Lukowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-6656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Lukowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058813180","display_name":"Sheraz Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheraz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074164846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046","https://openalex.org/I33256026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78180328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6537497639656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6496613025665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5995437502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5573734045028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5403603911399841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44806045293807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42329972982406616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6537497639656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6496613025665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5995437502861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5573734045028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5403603911399841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44806045293807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42329972982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta47822.2019.8945972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3043246485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002273687121370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573796710","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1971234693","https://openalex.org/W2031071334","https://openalex.org/W2042925766","https://openalex.org/W2077759299","https://openalex.org/W2091171890","https://openalex.org/W2136451330","https://openalex.org/W2163534337","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286923351","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2752903006","https://openalex.org/W2785462444","https://openalex.org/W2786162033","https://openalex.org/W2786553592","https://openalex.org/W2787371088","https://openalex.org/W2787523828","https://openalex.org/W2787835872","https://openalex.org/W2804915017","https://openalex.org/W2901890385","https://openalex.org/W2902089218","https://openalex.org/W2953106684","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963838620","https://openalex.org/W2971712385","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6695766282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1891287906","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2161229648","https://openalex.org/W2993674027","https://openalex.org/W2130228941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,99],"work,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,86],"novel":[6],"and":[7,11,19,49,72,80,91],"generic":[8],"approach,":[9],"Figure":[10],"Formula":[12],"Detector":[13],"(FFD)":[14],"to":[15,34,56,94],"detect":[16],"the":[17,62,107,112],"formulas":[18,92],"figures":[20,90],"from":[21],"document":[22],"images.":[23],"Our":[24],"proposed":[25],"method":[26],"employs":[27],"traditional":[28],"computer":[29],"vision":[30],"approaches":[31],"in":[32,98,117],"addition":[33],"deep":[35],"models.":[36],"We":[37,83],"transform":[38],"input":[39,59,108],"images":[40],"by":[41,68],"applying":[42],"connected":[43],"component":[44],"analysis":[45],"(CC),":[46],"distance":[47],"transform,":[48,51],"colour":[50],"which":[52],"are":[53,75],"stacked":[54],"together":[55],"generate":[57],"an":[58],"image":[60],"for":[61,70,89],"network.":[63],"The":[64,101],"best":[65],"results":[66,103],"produced":[67],"FFD":[69],"figure":[71],"formula":[73],"detection":[74,93],"with":[76],"F1-score":[77],"of":[78],"0.906":[79],"0.905,":[81],"respectively.":[82],"also":[84],"propose":[85],"new":[87],"dataset":[88],"aid":[95],"future":[96],"research":[97],"direction.":[100],"obtained":[102],"advocate":[104],"that":[105],"enhancing":[106],"representation":[109],"can":[110],"simplify":[111],"subsequent":[113],"optimization":[114],"problem":[115],"resulting":[116],"significant":[118],"gains":[119],"over":[120],"their":[121],"conventional":[122],"counterparts.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}