{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2069818618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","title":"Automated Detection of Root Crowns Using Gaussian Mixture Model and Bayes Classification","display_name":"Automated Detection of Root Crowns Using Gaussian Mixture Model and Bayes Classification","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2069818618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","mag":"2069818618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101527876","display_name":"Pankaj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-1244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pankaj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036994322","display_name":"Jinhai Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhai Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047243168","display_name":"Stanley J. Miklavcic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-246X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Miklavcic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phenomics & Bioinf. Res. Centre, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101527876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92290303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.737667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zernike-polynomials","display_name":"Zernike polynomials","score":0.7311461567878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7210466861724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.6103761196136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5603581666946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.543790876865387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5383966565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4797840714454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.477077841758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4404144883155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.41787198185920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13901206851005554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.737667441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92423082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132146","display_name":"Zernike polynomials","level":3,"score":0.7311461567878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7210466861724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.6103761196136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5603581666946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.543790876865387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5383966565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4797840714454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.477077841758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4404144883155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.41787198185920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13901206851005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2012.6411741","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320979","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486632395","https://openalex.org/W1509691074","https://openalex.org/W1845753398","https://openalex.org/W1982985764","https://openalex.org/W1990562571","https://openalex.org/W2001230597","https://openalex.org/W2038691774","https://openalex.org/W2040708001","https://openalex.org/W2047363524","https://openalex.org/W2086936614","https://openalex.org/W2094710069","https://openalex.org/W2109131581","https://openalex.org/W2110256471","https://openalex.org/W2118376687","https://openalex.org/W2126335865","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2141955292","https://openalex.org/W2163122879","https://openalex.org/W2416365368","https://openalex.org/W4302154743","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6645926470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997638723","https://openalex.org/W2547138831","https://openalex.org/W2061580049","https://openalex.org/W2067788074","https://openalex.org/W2183108721","https://openalex.org/W3160617640","https://openalex.org/W2073465494","https://openalex.org/W3141187597","https://openalex.org/W2075383893","https://openalex.org/W4390143830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"a":[3,98,150],"method":[4,187,202],"for":[5,37,87,104,109,203],"automatic":[6],"detection":[7,42],"of":[8,27,58,83,134,140,155,184,190],"root":[9,12,31],"crowns":[10],"in":[11,51,142],"images,":[13],"are":[14,33,54,70,90,112,147,164],"designed,":[15],"implemented":[16],"and":[17,43,72,119,137,158,173],"quantitatively":[18,165,180],"compared.":[19],"The":[20,30,48,81,102,145],"approach":[21],"is":[22,122,196],"based":[23],"on":[24,149],"the":[25,52,55,59,84,105,126,143,176,182,185],"theory":[26],"statistical":[28,200],"learning.":[29],"images":[32,154],"preprocessed":[34],"with":[35,92,97,131,153,188],"algorithms":[36],"intensity":[38],"normalization,":[39],"segmentation,":[40],"edge":[41],"scale":[44],"space":[45],"corner":[46],"detection.":[47],"features":[49],"used":[50,123],"experiments":[53,146],"Zernike":[56,68,135],"moments":[57,69,136],"bi-level":[60],"image":[61],"patch":[62],"centered":[63],"around":[64],"high":[65],"curvature":[66],"detections.":[67],"orthogonal":[71],"thus":[73],"can":[74],"be":[75,79],"rightly":[76],"assumed":[77],"to":[78,124],"independent.":[80],"densities":[82,108],"feature":[85],"vectors":[86],"different":[88,110,132,138],"classes":[89,111],"modelled":[91],"Gaussian":[93],"mixture":[94],"model":[95],"(GMM),":[96],"diagonal":[99],"covariance":[100],"matrix.":[101],"parameters":[103],"feature's":[106],"distribution":[107],"learnt":[113],"by":[114],"expectation":[115],"maximization.":[116],"Bayes":[117],"rule":[118],"Neymann-Pearson":[120],"criteria":[121],"design":[125],"classification":[127,162],"method.":[128],"We":[129,179],"experiment":[130],"orders":[133],"number":[139],"Gaussians":[141],"GMM.":[144],"done":[148],"real":[151],"dataset":[152],"rice,":[156],"corn,":[157],"grass":[159],"roots.":[160],"Pattern":[161],"results":[163,183],"analyzed":[166],"using":[167],"Receiver":[168],"Operating":[169],"Characteristic":[170],"(ROC)":[171],"curves":[172],"area":[174],"under":[175],"ROC":[177],"curves.":[178],"compare":[181],"proposed":[186],"that":[189],"support":[191],"vector":[192],"machine":[193],"(SVM)":[194],"which":[195],"another":[197],"very":[198],"popular":[199],"learning":[201],"pattern":[204],"classification.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}