{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388667064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563","title":"Improving the Detection of Hardware Trojan Horses in Microprocessors via Hamming Codes","display_name":"Improving the Detection of Hardware Trojan Horses in Microprocessors via Hamming Codes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388667064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04685537/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002174526","display_name":"Alessandro Palumbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-6189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Palumbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Italy,The Netherlands","POLIMI - Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano - Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Italy,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"POLIMI - Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano - Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007108808","display_name":"Luca Cassano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-7714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Cassano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano,Italy,The Netherlands","POLIMI - Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano - Italy)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano,Italy,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"POLIMI - Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano - Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080322790","display_name":"Pedro Reviriego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-5234"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Reviriego","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048232172","display_name":"Marco Ottavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-7342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Ottavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Tor Vergata,Italy","University of Twente (Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede - Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente (Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede - Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7792401313781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.651391863822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.6419630646705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6082764267921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5554710030555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5335296392440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.440071165561676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.435534805059433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4257866144180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.4180028438568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.38430970907211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.29919397830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2289910614490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.07612752914428711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7792401313781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.651391863822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6419630646705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6082764267921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5554710030555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5335296392440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.440071165561676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.435534805059433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4257866144180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.4180028438568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.38430970907211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.29919397830963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2289910614490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.07612752914428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/162504aa-d411-475a-a8c2-38e74e8a2031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/162504aa-d411-475a-a8c2-38e74e8a2031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04685537v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04685537","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04685537/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), Oct 2023, Juan-Les-Pins, France. ⟨10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:art.torvergata.it:2108/463824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2108/463824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400993","display_name":"Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","host_organization_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1258251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1258251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04685537v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04685537","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04685537/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), Oct 2023, Juan-Les-Pins, France. ⟨10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313563⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388667064.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605172130","https://openalex.org/W1964330980","https://openalex.org/W1972647831","https://openalex.org/W2005841208","https://openalex.org/W2029675347","https://openalex.org/W2056140283","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2125730340","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2207233201","https://openalex.org/W2581963379","https://openalex.org/W2781893022","https://openalex.org/W2785515374","https://openalex.org/W2945055895","https://openalex.org/W2956501515","https://openalex.org/W2963255460","https://openalex.org/W3022895293","https://openalex.org/W3208279905","https://openalex.org/W4229005624","https://openalex.org/W4247267706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W4318003314","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2782017703","https://openalex.org/W4248805755"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software-exploitable":[0],"Hardware":[1],"Trojan":[2],"Horses":[3],"(HTHs)":[4],"can":[5],"be":[6,30],"inserted":[7],"into":[8],"commercial":[9],"microprocessors":[10],"allowing":[11],"the":[12,38,43,55,58,72,85,91,94,99,104],"attackers":[13],"to":[14,20,130,157],"run":[15],"their":[16],"own":[17],"software":[18,120],"or":[19],"gain":[21],"unauthorized":[22],"privileges.":[23],"As":[24],"a":[25,32,50,78,108,113,117,162],"consequence,":[26],"HTHs":[27,69,135],"should":[28],"nowadays":[29],"considered":[31],"serious":[33],"threat":[34],"not":[35],"only":[36],"by":[37,42,76],"academy":[39],"but":[40],"also":[41],"industry.":[44],"In":[45,63],"this":[46,83],"paper":[47],"we":[48,65],"present":[49],"hardware":[51],"security":[52],"checker":[53,87,106,127],"for":[54],"detection":[56],"of":[57,61,119,133,146],"runtime":[59],"activation":[60],"HTHs.":[62],"particular,":[64],"aim":[66],"at":[67],"detecting":[68],"that":[70,125],"alter":[71],"expected":[73],"execution":[74],"flow":[75],"launching":[77],"malicious":[79],"program.":[80],"To":[81],"achieve":[82],"goal":[84],"proposed":[86,105],"is":[88,128],"connected":[89],"between":[90],"microprocessor":[92,115],"and":[93,97,152,167],"main":[95],"memory":[96],"observes":[98],"fetching":[100],"activity.":[101],"We":[102,141],"integrated":[103],"within":[107],"case":[109],"study":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"RISC-V":[114],"running":[116],"set":[118],"benchmarks.":[121],"The":[122],"experiment":[123],"demonstrated":[124],"our":[126],"able":[129],"detect":[131],"100%":[132],"possible":[134],"activations":[136],"with":[137,154],"no":[138,168],"false":[139],"alarms.":[140],"measured":[142],"an":[143],"area":[144],"overhead":[145],"less":[147],"than":[148],"1%":[149],"w.r.t.":[150],"LUTs":[151],"FFs":[153],"8.5":[155],"up":[156],"9.5":[158],"BRAM":[159],"blocks":[160],"required,":[161],"2.51%":[163],"power":[164],"consumption":[165],"increase,":[166],"working":[169],"frequency":[170],"reduction.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}