{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388667095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530","title":"Uncovering hidden vulnerabilities in CNNs through evolutionary-based Image Test Libraries","display_name":"Uncovering hidden vulnerabilities in CNNs through evolutionary-based Image Test Libraries","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388667095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064581320","display_name":"V. Turco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0754-8189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. Turco","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083953105","display_name":"Annachiara Ruospo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-9762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ruospo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011222292","display_name":"G. Gavarini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Gavarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009336869","display_name":"Ernesto S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7042-295X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058555274","display_name":"M. Sonza Reorda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sonza Reorda","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAUIN,Politecnico di Torino,Torino,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, DAUIN, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064581320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81736276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7959893941879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.767297625541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.6624988317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6205263733863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6002228856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5240155458450317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4874325096607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4627653956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4284709095954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4270324409008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.4221958816051483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.378815621137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32364100217819214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7959893941879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.767297625541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.6624988317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6205263733863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6002228856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5240155458450317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4874325096607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4627653956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4284709095954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4270324409008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.4221958816051483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.378815621137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32364100217819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft59622.2023.10313530","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529461101","https://openalex.org/W1987856988","https://openalex.org/W2116954712","https://openalex.org/W2805459376","https://openalex.org/W2943759410","https://openalex.org/W3105851513","https://openalex.org/W3184263515","https://openalex.org/W3184693006","https://openalex.org/W3214851476","https://openalex.org/W4206883508","https://openalex.org/W4252947628","https://openalex.org/W4285305234","https://openalex.org/W4379115996","https://openalex.org/W4384026292","https://openalex.org/W4384026303","https://openalex.org/W6745889759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W3213976941","https://openalex.org/W4285161415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,32,56,68,80,99,112,124,150,183,186,198,219,224,227,245,248],"past":[2],"years,":[3],"Convolutional":[4],"Neural":[5],"Networks":[6],"(CNNs)":[7],"have":[8,92],"become":[9],"highly":[10],"prominent":[11],"in":[12,29,72],"diverse":[13],"artificial":[14,118],"intelligence":[15],"applications,":[16],"proving":[17],"remarkable":[18],"performance":[19],"across":[20],"numerous":[21],"tasks.":[22],"Nonetheless,":[23],"as":[24,42],"CNNs":[25,91,202],"find":[26],"greater":[27],"integration":[28],"safety-critical":[30],"domains,":[31],"need":[33],"to":[34,49,140,167,182,192,212,216],"ensure":[35,179],"their":[36,132,180],"safety":[37,51],"and":[38,114,178,196,242],"reliability":[39,200],"has":[40],"emerged":[41],"a":[43,109,142,172],"crucial":[44],"issue.":[45],"Efforts":[46],"are":[47],"underway":[48],"establish":[50],"standards":[52,66],"that":[53,76,90,97,121,146],"specifically":[54,165],"address":[55],"unique":[57],"challenges":[58],"posed":[59],"by":[60,130,159,171],"CNNs.":[61,154],"As":[62],"an":[63,93],"example,":[64],"these":[65],"emphasize":[67],"importance":[69],"of":[70,83,102,111,117,126,136,153,185,201,221,226,247],"detecting":[71],"field":[73],"permanent":[74,103,235],"faults":[75,129,177,222,236],"may":[77],"occur":[78],"during":[79],"operational":[81],"phase":[82],"devices.":[84],"However,":[85],"it":[86],"is":[87,108,139,210],"worth":[88],"noting":[89],"intrinsic":[94],"masking":[95,131,151],"ability":[96],"complicates":[98],"in-field":[100],"detection":[101],"faults.":[104],"This":[105,155],"peculiar":[106],"feature":[107],"result":[110],"distributed":[113],"parallel":[115],"structure":[116],"neural":[119,228],"networks,":[120],"can":[122,147],"stop":[123],"propagation":[125,181],"some":[127],"hardware-induced":[128],"effects.":[133],"The":[134,188],"aim":[135],"this":[137],"research":[138],"develop":[141],"software-based":[143],"testing":[144,205],"solution":[145,190],"effectively":[148,217],"reduce":[149],"effect":[152],"will":[156],"be":[157],"achieved":[158],"generating":[160],"Image":[161],"Test":[162],"Libraries":[163],"(ITLs)":[164],"designed":[166],"expose,":[168],"when":[169],"processed":[170],"fully":[173],"configured":[174],"CNN,":[175],"hard-to-detect":[176],"output":[184,225],"CNN.":[187],"proposed":[189,249],"intends":[191],"uncover":[193],"hidden":[194],"vulnerabilities":[195],"enhance":[197],"overall":[199],"through":[203],"targeted":[204],"strategies.":[206],"An":[207],"evolutionary":[208],"algorithm":[209],"exploited":[211],"generate":[213],"ITLs":[214],"able":[215],"detect":[218],"occurrence":[220],"at":[223],"network.":[229],"Results":[230],"gathered":[231],"from":[232],"experiments":[233],"targeting":[234],"on":[237],"weights":[238],"using":[239],"ResNet-18,":[240],"ResNet-34,":[241],"DenseNet-161":[243],"demonstrate":[244],"suitability":[246],"approach.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
