{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209004752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","title":"GF-Flush: A GF(2) Algebraic Attack on Dynamically Secured Scan Chains","display_name":"GF-Flush: A GF(2) Algebraic Attack on Dynamically Secured Scan Chains","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209004752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","mag":"3209004752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022810915","display_name":"Dake Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dake Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004374241","display_name":"Chunxiao Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084205024","display_name":"Peter A. Beerel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-0168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Beerel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51921016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.7178088426589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testability","display_name":"Testability","score":0.6574422121047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6375646591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controllability","display_name":"Controllability","score":0.5905269384384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebraic-number","display_name":"Algebraic number","score":0.5237348079681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.5200371742248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-field","display_name":"Finite field","score":0.510242223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scan-chain","display_name":"Scan chain","score":0.5084301829338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4932059645652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4545738399028778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.42559242248535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4204232096672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.41292011737823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.309338241815567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2609800100326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22481492161750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.16704100370407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1588159203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.14462223649024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.09523278474807739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.7178088426589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51234621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149495","display_name":"Testability","level":2,"score":0.6574422121047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6375646591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.5905269384384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9376300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168817","display_name":"Algebraic number","level":2,"score":0.5237348079681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.5200371742248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77926391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603880","display_name":"Finite field","level":2,"score":0.510242223739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150012182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225990","display_name":"Scan chain","level":3,"score":0.5084301829338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4932059645652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4545738399028778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.42559242248535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4204232096672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41292011737823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.309338241815567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2609800100326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22481492161750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.16704100370407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1588159203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.14462223649024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.09523278474807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft52944.2021.9568356","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5570021622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-18-1-7817","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1699105","https://openalex.org/W11356556","https://openalex.org/W225572558","https://openalex.org/W1581405316","https://openalex.org/W1583871653","https://openalex.org/W1827311732","https://openalex.org/W1982643606","https://openalex.org/W2058219874","https://openalex.org/W2062658790","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2080545703","https://openalex.org/W2124509406","https://openalex.org/W2128575665","https://openalex.org/W2141624968","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2156692142","https://openalex.org/W2160153207","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2736685104","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2769905020","https://openalex.org/W2782827709","https://openalex.org/W2810685556","https://openalex.org/W2890368815","https://openalex.org/W2918797181","https://openalex.org/W2944122409","https://openalex.org/W2972308582","https://openalex.org/W2978605902","https://openalex.org/W3036662531","https://openalex.org/W3039346749","https://openalex.org/W3040839314","https://openalex.org/W4236509984","https://openalex.org/W4239413599","https://openalex.org/W6600452559","https://openalex.org/W6634808979","https://openalex.org/W6666443212","https://openalex.org/W6747192307","https://openalex.org/W6768636326","https://openalex.org/W6818108484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393524141","https://openalex.org/W2365130684","https://openalex.org/W2370255574","https://openalex.org/W2620506035","https://openalex.org/W2168810991","https://openalex.org/W2106502108","https://openalex.org/W2752479413","https://openalex.org/W2765347974","https://openalex.org/W2169576796","https://openalex.org/W2146689260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scan":[0],"chains":[1,32,150],"provide":[2],"increased":[3,12],"controllability":[4],"and":[5,57,127],"observability":[6],"for":[7,23],"testing":[8],"digital":[9],"circuits.":[10],"The":[11,26],"testability,":[13],"however,":[14],"can":[15,145],"also":[16],"be":[17,146],"a":[18,59,73],"source":[19],"of":[20,50,61,85,136],"information":[21],"leakage":[22],"sensitive":[24],"designs.":[25],"state-of-the-art":[27,86,119],"defenses":[28,53,126],"to":[29,36,148],"secure":[30],"scan":[31,40,149],"apply":[33],"dynamic":[34,52,87],"keys":[35],"pseudo-randomly":[37],"invert":[38],"the":[39,65,81,97,124,132,137],"vectors.":[41],"In":[42,69],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,71],"pinpoint":[46],"an":[47],"algebraic":[48],"vulnerability":[49],"these":[51],"that":[54,78,93],"involves":[55],"creating":[56],"solving":[58],"system":[60],"linear":[62],"equations":[63],"over":[64,115],"finite":[66],"field":[67],"GF(2).":[68],"particular,":[70],"propose":[72],"novel":[74],"GF(2)-based":[75],"flush":[76],"attack":[77,95,110],"breaks":[79],"even":[80],"most":[82],"rigorous":[83],"version":[84],"defenses.":[88],"Our":[89,109],"experimental":[90],"results":[91],"demonstrate":[92,141],"our":[94,143],"recovers":[96],"key":[98],"as":[99,101],"long":[100],"500":[102],"bits":[103],"in":[104],"less":[105],"than":[106,118],"7":[107],"seconds.":[108],"times":[111],"are,":[112],"on":[113,123,131],"average,":[114],"4300x":[116],"faster":[117],"SAT":[120],"based":[121],"attacks":[122,144],"same":[125],"circumvent":[128],"any":[129],"obfuscation":[130],"combinational":[133],"logic":[134],"portions":[135],"design.":[138],"We":[139],"then":[140],"how":[142],"extended":[147],"compressed":[151],"with":[152],"Multiple-":[153],"Input":[154],"Signature":[155],"Registers":[156],"(MISRs).":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
