{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229456264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167","title":"Stochastic Computing Architectures for Lightweight LSTM Neural Networks","display_name":"Stochastic Computing Architectures for Lightweight LSTM Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229456264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 25th International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems (DDECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079070222","display_name":"Roshwin Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7970-6619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roshwin Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027416202","display_name":"Ilia Polian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6563-2725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilia Polian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995490","display_name":"John P. Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Computer Engineering Laboratory,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA","Computer Engineering Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Computer Engineering Laboratory,Ann Arbor,Michigan,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"124","last_page":"129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.9384123086929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.850446343421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5846815705299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5146323442459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4525548219680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4502068758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.41400086879730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.41181686520576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.41080406308174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4013793468475342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.9384123086929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.850446343421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5846815705299377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5146323442459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4525548219680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4502068758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.41400086879730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.41181686520576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.41080406308174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4013793468475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ddecs54261.2022.9770167","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 25th International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems (DDECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150571132","https://openalex.org/W1970262304","https://openalex.org/W2012712773","https://openalex.org/W2027269053","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2114997074","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2141585437","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2612910926","https://openalex.org/W2770265919","https://openalex.org/W2802749854","https://openalex.org/W2912279724","https://openalex.org/W2944495281","https://openalex.org/W2955242165","https://openalex.org/W3004313316","https://openalex.org/W3047774572","https://openalex.org/W4243261588","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6758938078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800155864","https://openalex.org/W2955267291","https://openalex.org/W2770413419","https://openalex.org/W4200623496","https://openalex.org/W4285818394","https://openalex.org/W2617032002","https://openalex.org/W2123397069","https://openalex.org/W2085447613","https://openalex.org/W2165236039","https://openalex.org/W2116778801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"emerging":[1],"edge":[2],"and":[3,56,76,82,84,97,105],"near-sensor":[4],"systems":[5],"to":[6,61,103,137],"perform":[7],"hard":[8],"classification":[9,91,114],"tasks":[10],"locally,":[11],"they":[12],"must":[13],"avoid":[14],"costly":[15],"communication":[16],"with":[17,108],"the":[18,22,33,54],"cloud.":[19],"This":[20],"requires":[21],"use":[23],"of":[24,32,58,87],"compact":[25],"classifiers":[26],"such":[27,47],"as":[28,40,42,48,139],"recurrent":[29],"neural":[30],"networks":[31],"long":[34],"short":[35],"term":[36],"memory":[37],"(LSTM)":[38],"type,":[39],"well":[41],"a":[43,66],"low-area":[44],"hardware":[45],"technology":[46],"stochastic":[49,120,144],"computing":[50],"(SC).":[51],"We":[52,64,116],"study":[53],"benefits":[55],"costs":[57],"applying":[59],"SC":[60],"LSTM":[62,80],"design.":[63],"consider":[65],"design":[67,83],"space":[68],"spanned":[69],"by":[70],"fully":[71,74,119],"binary":[72],"(non-stochastic),":[73],"stochastic,":[75],"several":[77],"hybrid":[78],"(mixed)":[79],"architectures,":[81],"simulate":[85],"examples":[86],"each.":[88],"Using":[89],"standard":[90],"benchmarks,":[92],"we":[93],"show":[94],"that":[95,118,133],"area":[96],"power":[98],"can":[99,122],"be":[100],"reduced":[101],"up":[102],"47%":[104],"86%":[106],"respectively":[107],"little":[109],"or":[110],"no":[111],"impact":[112],"on":[113],"accuracy.":[115],"demonstrate":[117],"LSTMs":[121,145],"deliver":[123],"acceptable":[124],"accuracy":[125],"despite":[126],"accumulated":[127],"errors.":[128],"Our":[129],"results":[130],"also":[131],"suggest":[132],"ReLU":[134],"is":[135],"preferable":[136],"tanh":[138],"an":[140],"activation":[141],"function":[142],"in":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
