{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389545095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002","title":"Approximate arithmetic aware training for stochastic computing neural networks","display_name":"Approximate arithmetic aware training for stochastic computing neural networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389545095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007091764","display_name":"Christiam F. Frasser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-9332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christiam F. Frasser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058481383","display_name":"Alejandro Mor\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Mor\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064247732","display_name":"Vincent Canals","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-4159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Canals","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084914367","display_name":"J. Font","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3463-0169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Font","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007596960","display_name":"E. Isern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-794X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugeni Isern","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010381548","display_name":"M. Roca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miquel Roca","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085233948","display_name":"Josep L. Rossell\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-2276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep L. Rossell\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Balearic Islands,Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Construction, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7256,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66794855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.8238556385040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7726404070854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.704060971736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6359692215919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6194533109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5797582864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5288589596748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.505664587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4872094988822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4527679681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4488874673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4348721206188202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3398963212966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3274090886116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31712859869003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.2776791453361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23190101981163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2087983787059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12248894572257996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.8238556385040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7726404070854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.704060971736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6359692215919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6194533109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5797582864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5288589596748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.505664587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4872094988822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4527679681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4488874673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4348721206188202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3398963212966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3274090886116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31712859869003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.2776791453361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23190101981163025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2087983787059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12248894572257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2364134753","https://openalex.org/W2588861206","https://openalex.org/W2759318406","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2805473054","https://openalex.org/W2808500276","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W3011832990","https://openalex.org/W3089531544","https://openalex.org/W3117903775","https://openalex.org/W3215211894","https://openalex.org/W4224313179","https://openalex.org/W4312243443","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6756040250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800155864","https://openalex.org/W2955267291","https://openalex.org/W2770413419","https://openalex.org/W4200623496","https://openalex.org/W4322624379","https://openalex.org/W2294708870","https://openalex.org/W3157606747","https://openalex.org/W2402098947","https://openalex.org/W4200495212","https://openalex.org/W1982528625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deploying":[0],"modern":[1],"neural":[2,69,144],"networks":[3,70],"on":[4,74,146],"resource-constrained":[5],"edge":[6,44],"devices":[7],"requires":[8],"a":[9,115,125,153,167],"series":[10],"of":[11,136,157,189],"optimizations":[12,19,38],"to":[13,27,81,161,178],"prepare":[14],"them":[15],"for":[16,42,49,194],"production.":[17],"These":[18],"typically":[20],"involve":[21],"pruning,":[22],"quantization,":[23],"and":[24,32,58,71,76,90,118,171],"fixed-point":[25,116],"conversion":[26],"compress":[28],"the":[29,98,111,134,141,162,183,187],"model":[30,117],"size":[31],"improve":[33],"energy":[34,52,175],"efficiency.":[35],"While":[36],"these":[37],"are":[39,92],"generally":[40],"sufficient":[41],"most":[43],"devices,":[45],"there":[46],"is":[47],"potential":[48],"further":[50],"improving":[51],"efficiency":[53,176],"by":[54,94,139],"leveraging":[55],"special-purpose":[56],"hardware":[57],"unconventional":[59],"computing":[60,68,96,121],"paradigms.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"we":[65,123],"investigate":[66],"stochastic":[67,95,120],"their":[72],"impact":[73],"quantization":[75],"overall":[77,107],"performance":[78],"with":[79],"respect":[80],"weight":[82],"distributions.":[83],"When":[84],"arithmetic":[85,99,128],"operations":[86],"such":[87],"as":[88],"addition":[89],"multiplication":[91],"performed":[93],"hardware,":[97],"error":[100],"may":[101],"increase":[102],"significantly,":[103],"resulting":[104],"in":[105,174],"reduced":[106],"accuracy.":[108],"To":[109],"bridge":[110],"accuracy":[112,155],"gap":[113],"between":[114],"its":[119],"implementation,":[122],"propose":[124],"new":[126],"approximate":[127],"aware":[129],"training":[130],"method.":[131],"We":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"effectiveness":[135],"our":[137],"approach":[138],"implementing":[140],"LeNet-5":[142],"convolutional":[143],"network":[145],"an":[147],"FPGA.":[148],"Our":[149],"experimental":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"negligible":[154],"degradation":[156],"only":[158],"0.01%":[159],"compared":[160,177],"floating-point":[163],"outcome,":[164],"while":[165],"achieving":[166],"significant":[168],"27x":[169],"speedup":[170],"33x":[172],"improvement":[173],"other":[179],"FPGA":[180],"implementations.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"proposed":[184],"method":[185],"increases":[186],"likelihood":[188],"selecting":[190],"optimum":[191],"LFSR":[192],"seeds":[193],"SC":[195],"systems.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
