{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414198182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314","title":"Efficient and Scalable Architectures for Multi-level Superconducting Qubit Readout","display_name":"Efficient and Scalable Architectures for Multi-level Superconducting Qubit Readout","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414198182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122916","display_name":"Chaithanya Naik Mude","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0531-3551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaithanya Naik Mude","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020964235","display_name":"Satvik Maurya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satvik Maurya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018871729","display_name":"Benjamin Lienhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-4131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Lienhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,Department of Chemistry,Princeton,NJ,USA,08544"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,Department of Chemistry,Princeton,NJ,USA,08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007818121","display_name":"Swamit Tannu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-7413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swamit Tannu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison,Department of Computer Sciences,Madison,WI,USA,53706","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091122916"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91039522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.3896999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777697265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4321","display_name":"Motherboard","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920419","display_name":"Upgrade","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133314","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1695374769","https://openalex.org/W2010351241","https://openalex.org/W2060904747","https://openalex.org/W2330036231","https://openalex.org/W2582390145","https://openalex.org/W2613136543","https://openalex.org/W3006524000","https://openalex.org/W3095188398","https://openalex.org/W3128237057","https://openalex.org/W3132735067","https://openalex.org/W3133392172","https://openalex.org/W4313452373","https://openalex.org/W4321459637","https://openalex.org/W4321610982","https://openalex.org/W4361192816","https://openalex.org/W4361292260","https://openalex.org/W4380875523","https://openalex.org/W4385094117","https://openalex.org/W4387074758","https://openalex.org/W4387378508","https://openalex.org/W4389158959","https://openalex.org/W4390103008","https://openalex.org/W4401943504"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Realizing":[0],"the":[1,52,113,148,182,195],"full":[2],"potential":[3],"of":[4,12],"quantum":[5,9,14,24,28,79,87,199],"computing":[6],"requires":[7,84],"large-scale":[8],"computers":[10,29],"capable":[11],"running":[13],"error":[15,56,135],"correction":[16],"(QEC)":[17],"to":[18,45,90,112,130,144],"mitigate":[19,93],"hardware":[20,152],"errors":[21],"and":[22,58,92,133,137,193],"maintain":[23],"data":[25],"coherence.":[26],"While":[27],"operate":[30],"within":[31],"a":[32,74,98,139,155,173],"two-level":[33],"computational":[34,53],"subspace,":[35,54],"many":[36],"processor":[37],"modalities":[38],"are":[39],"inherently":[40],"multi-level":[41,86],"systems.":[42],"This":[43,184],"leads":[44],"occasional":[46],"leakage":[47,94,124,188],"into":[48],"energy":[49],"levels":[50],"outside":[51],"complicating":[55],"detection":[57],"undermining":[59],"QEC":[60,191],"protocols.":[61],"The":[62],"problem":[63],"is":[64],"particularly":[65],"severe":[66],"in":[67,159,178],"engineered":[68],"qubit":[69],"devices":[70],"like":[71],"superconducting":[72],"transmons,":[73],"leading":[75],"technology":[76],"for":[77],"fault-tolerant":[78],"computing.":[80,200],"Addressing":[81],"this":[82],"challenge":[83],"effective":[85],"system":[88],"readout":[89,102,117,179],"identify":[91],"errors.":[95],"We":[96],"propose":[97],"scalable,":[99],"high-fidelity":[100],"three-level":[101],"that":[103],"reduces":[104,151],"FPGA":[105],"resource":[106],"usage":[107],"by":[108,119],"$60":[109],"\\times$":[110,157],"compared":[111],"baseline":[114],"while":[115],"reducing":[116],"time":[118],"$20":[120],"\\%$,":[121],"enabling":[122],"faster":[123,187],"detection.":[125],"By":[126],"employing":[127],"matched":[128],"filters":[129],"detect":[131],"relaxation":[132],"excitation":[134],"patterns":[136],"integrating":[138],"modular":[140],"lightweight":[141],"neural":[142,160],"network":[143,161],"correct":[145],"crosstalk":[146],"errors,":[147],"protocol":[149],"significantly":[150],"complexity,":[153],"achieving":[154],"$100":[156],"reduction":[158],"size.":[162],"Our":[163],"design":[164],"supports":[165],"efficient,":[166],"real-time":[167],"implementation":[168],"on":[169],"off-the-shelf":[170],"FPGAs,":[171],"delivering":[172],"$6.6":[174],"\\%$":[175],"relative":[176],"improvement":[177],"accuracy":[180],"over":[181],"baseline.":[183],"innovation":[185],"enables":[186],"mitigation,":[189],"enhances":[190],"reliability,":[192],"accelerates":[194],"path":[196],"toward":[197],"faulttolerant":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
