{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414198743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249","title":"An Efficient Bit-level Sparse MAC-accelerated Architecture with SW/HW Co-design on FPGA","display_name":"An Efficient Bit-level Sparse MAC-accelerated Architecture with SW/HW Co-design on FPGA","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414198743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012137430","display_name":"Chenming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1480-5411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102890750","display_name":"Lei Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-0349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407078","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077322091","display_name":"Xuehai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research University of Science and Technology of China,School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012137430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I308837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.42,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86248021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7050999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.39959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7498000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7050999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5877000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48262172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16908765","display_name":"Design process","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133249","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605020135","https://openalex.org/W2018758602","https://openalex.org/W2883920103","https://openalex.org/W2890770683","https://openalex.org/W2904327456","https://openalex.org/W2946572707","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2979439447","https://openalex.org/W2982317364","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3092182048","https://openalex.org/W3127974442","https://openalex.org/W3153887752","https://openalex.org/W3158020960","https://openalex.org/W3163159351","https://openalex.org/W4242874873","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W4293023369","https://openalex.org/W4312310654","https://openalex.org/W4386765251","https://openalex.org/W4393406920","https://openalex.org/W4403278093"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exploring":[0],"bit-level":[1,67],"sparsity":[2,68],"in":[3,45],"the":[4,17,31,55,63],"MAC":[5],"process":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"proven":[9],"to":[10,116,131,137],"be":[11],"an":[12],"important":[13],"method":[14],"for":[15,29],"improving":[16],"efficiency":[18],"of":[19,65],"neural":[20],"network":[21],"feedforward":[22],"processing.":[23],"The":[24],"reconfigurable":[25],"platform":[26],"offers":[27],"possibilities":[28],"identifying":[30],"bitlevel":[32],"unstructured":[33],"redundancy":[34,100],"during":[35],"inference":[36],"with":[37,83,103],"different":[38],"DNN":[39],"models.":[40],"Researchers":[41],"noticed":[42],"significant":[43],"progress":[44],"valueaware":[46],"accelerators":[47],"on":[48,58],"ASICs,":[49],"yet":[50],"we":[51,93],"are":[52,114],"concerned":[53],"about":[54],"few":[56],"studies":[57],"FPGAs.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"observed":[62],"limitations":[64],"implementing":[66],"optimizations":[69],"using":[70],"FPGA":[71],"and":[72,86,101,105,123,134,142],"proposed":[73],"a":[74,95],"software/architecture":[75],"co-design":[76],"solution.":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"by":[79,128],"introducing":[80],"LUT-friendly":[81],"encoding":[82],"adaptable":[84],"granularity":[85],"hardware":[87],"structure":[88],"supporting":[89],"multiplication":[90],"time":[91],"uncertainty,":[92],"achieved":[94],"better":[96],"trade-off":[97],"between":[98],"potential":[99],"accuracy":[102],"compatibility":[104],"scalability.":[106],"Experiments":[107],"show":[108],"that":[109],"under":[110],"accurate":[111],"calculation,":[112],"PEs":[113],"up":[115],"$2.2":[117],"\\times$":[118,130,133,136,139],"smaller":[119],"than":[120],"bit-parallel":[121],"ones,":[122],"our":[124],"design":[125],"boosts":[126],"performance":[127],"$1.04":[129],"$1.74":[132],"$1.40":[135],"$2.79":[138],"over":[140],"bitparallel":[141],"Booth-based":[143],"designs,":[144],"respectively.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}