{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414198576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897","title":"Hardware Generation with High Flexibility using Reinforcement Learning Enhanced LLMs","display_name":"Hardware Generation with High Flexibility using Reinforcement Learning Enhanced LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414198576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059004440","display_name":"Yifang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062517894","display_name":"Weimin Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-6522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061493911","display_name":"Shijie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-7064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024558170","display_name":"Yi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-374X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Xiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076198928","display_name":"Xiaolong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-6852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017464942","display_name":"Yier Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-0597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yier Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11338","display_name":"Advancements in Photolithography Techniques","score":0.9344000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9233999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.8015999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6992999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-design-automation","display_name":"Electronic design automation","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-tool","display_name":"Design tool","score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-learning-control","display_name":"Iterative learning control","score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-strategy","display_name":"Design strategy","score":0.3675000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8015999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6992999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64260653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194864","display_name":"Electronic design automation","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008971","display_name":"Design tool","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117619785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094414","display_name":"Iterative learning control","level":3,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124216869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7621833","display_name":"Design strategy","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106246047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4928435","display_name":"Iterative design","level":3,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138852830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292993","display_name":"Design methods","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186394612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098942","display_name":"Optimal design","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206674616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7038222","display_name":"Program Design Language","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982740150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249230","display_name":"Design cycle","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778201535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4921794","display_name":"Design\u2013build","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778588580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6043060","display_name":"Integrated design","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015233893","https://openalex.org/W2106525646","https://openalex.org/W2289654679","https://openalex.org/W2612536903","https://openalex.org/W3082750925","https://openalex.org/W3198544746","https://openalex.org/W4388040405","https://openalex.org/W4391182436","https://openalex.org/W4393145520","https://openalex.org/W4403023622","https://openalex.org/W4404739285"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"increasing":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,49,151],"integrated":[4],"circuit":[5],"design":[6,29,56,97,101],"requires":[7],"customizing":[8],"Power,":[9,131],"Performance,":[10,132],"and":[11,154],"Area":[12],"(PPA)":[13],"metrics":[14,92,103],"according":[15],"to":[16,62,80,107,148],"different":[17],"application":[18,152],"demands.":[19],"However,":[20],"most":[21],"engineers":[22],"cannot":[23],"anticipate":[24],"requirements":[25],"early":[26],"in":[27,54,111,140],"the":[28,46,64,95,109,142],"process,":[30],"often":[31],"discovering":[32],"mismatches":[33],"only":[34],"after":[35],"synthesis,":[36],"necessitating":[37],"iterative":[38],"optimization":[39,117],"or":[40,134],"redesign.":[41],"Some":[42],"works":[43],"have":[44],"shown":[45],"promising":[47],"capabilities":[48],"large":[50],"language":[51],"models":[52],"(LLMs)":[53],"hardware":[55,96],"generation":[57,98],"tasks,":[58],"but":[59],"they":[60],"fail":[61],"tackle":[63],"PPA":[65,93,102],"trade-off":[66],"problem.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"work,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"an":[73],"LLM-based":[74],"reinforcement":[75],"learning":[76],"framework,":[77],"PPA-RTL,":[78],"aiming":[79],"introduce":[81],"LLMs":[82],"as":[83,104],"a":[84,149],"cutting-edge":[85],"automation":[86],"tool":[87],"by":[88],"directly":[89],"incorporating":[90],"post-synthesis":[91],"into":[94],"phase.":[99],"We":[100],"reward":[105],"feedback":[106],"guide":[108],"model":[110],"producing":[112],"designs":[113],"aligned":[114],"with":[115],"specific":[116],"objectives":[118],"across":[119],"various":[120,136],"scenarios.":[121],"experimental":[123],"results":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"PPARTL":[127],"models,":[128],"optimized":[129],"for":[130],"Area,":[133],"their":[135],"combinations,":[137],"significantly":[138],"improve":[139],"achieving":[141],"desired":[143],"trade-offs,":[144],"making":[145],"PPA-RTL":[146],"applicable":[147],"variety":[150],"scenarios":[153],"project":[155],"constraints.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}