{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414198924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830","title":"3D-SubG: A 3D Stacked Hybrid Processing Near/In-Memory Accelerator for Subgraph GNNs","display_name":"3D-SubG: A 3D Stacked Hybrid Processing Near/In-Memory Accelerator for Subgraph GNNs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414198924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023610910","display_name":"Guoxiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6685-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037238950","display_name":"Runnan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runnan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101623197","display_name":"Rui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-2451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruohang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024575453","display_name":"Yikan Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yikan Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114563010","display_name":"Renati Tuerhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renati Tuerhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114152379","display_name":"Muhan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088551028","display_name":"Tianyu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University,School of Integrated Circuits,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University,School of Integrated Circuits,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068840674","display_name":"Yufei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-524X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023610910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210100255"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83523426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgraph-isomorphism-problem","display_name":"Subgraph isomorphism problem","score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.3912999927997589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7034000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131992880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528185","display_name":"Subgraph isomorphism problem","level":3,"score":0.5978000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191241153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027240","display_name":"Induced subgraph isomorphism problem","level":5,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61665672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303100","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","level":4,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112953755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739462","display_name":"Graph drawing","level":3,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 62nd ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2129893339","https://openalex.org/W2144000913","https://openalex.org/W2807021761","https://openalex.org/W2945551948","https://openalex.org/W2962810718","https://openalex.org/W2963396480","https://openalex.org/W2965757697","https://openalex.org/W3017228913","https://openalex.org/W3105753905","https://openalex.org/W4311609527","https://openalex.org/W4360831960","https://openalex.org/W4393407124","https://openalex.org/W4401211878"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Subgraph":[0],"Graph":[1],"Neural":[2],"Networks":[3],"(GNNs)":[4],"are":[5],"emerging":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,38,52,59,87,98,110],"promising":[9],"approach":[10,114],"to":[11,76,92,115,145],"enhance":[12],"GNN":[13],"expressiveness,":[14],"but":[15],"their":[16],"more":[17],"complex":[18],"graph":[19,94],"structures":[20],"with":[21,58],"numerous":[22],"independent":[23],"and":[24,80,109,138],"irregular":[25],"subgraphs":[26],"pose":[27],"significant":[28],"hardware":[29],"deployment":[30],"challenges.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"work,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36,86],"3D-SubG,":[37],"3D":[39,56],"stacked":[40,57],"hybrid":[41,48],"processing-near/in-memory":[42],"accelerator":[43],"for":[44,62,96,102],"subgraph":[45,103],"GNNs.":[46],"With":[47],"bonding":[49],"packaging":[50],"technology,":[51],"logic":[53,68],"die":[54,61,69],"is":[55],"DRAM":[60],"highly":[63],"parallel":[64],"memory":[65],"accesses.":[66],"The":[67],"employs":[70],"digital":[71],"SRAM-based":[72],"processing-in-memory":[73],"(PIM)":[74],"macros":[75],"boost":[77],"computation":[78],"density":[79],"minimize":[81],"data":[82,118],"transfer.":[83],"We":[84],"further":[85],"bit-level":[88],"non-zero":[89],"gathering":[90],"method":[91],"exploit":[93],"sparsity":[95],"PIM,":[97],"workloadbalanced":[99],"mapping":[100],"strategy":[101],"allocation":[104],"onto":[105],"different":[106],"logic-to-DRAM":[107],"blocks,":[108],"distributed":[111],"global":[112],"pooling":[113],"reduce":[116],"inter-block":[117],"movements.":[119],"Experimental":[120],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123],"3D-SubG":[124],"achieves":[125],"average":[126],"improvements":[127],"of":[128],"$146.11":[129],"\\times$":[130,134,140],"in":[131,135,141],"performance,":[132],"$934.18":[133],"area":[136],"efficiency,":[137],"$1171.80":[139],"energy":[142],"efficiency":[143],"compared":[144],"RTX":[146],"3090Ti.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}