{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386763756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682","title":"C<sup>2</sup>PI: An Efficient Crypto-Clear Two-Party Neural Network Private Inference","display_name":"C<sup>2</sup>PI: An Efficient Crypto-Clear Two-Party Neural Network Private Inference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386763756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 60th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019021341","display_name":"Yuke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-5478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022810915","display_name":"Dake Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dake Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087095284","display_name":"Souvik Kundu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5815-8765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souvik Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs,San Diego,USA","Intel Labs, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs,San Diego,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032056932","display_name":"Haomei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haomei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063579814","display_name":"Ruiheng Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-6143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiheng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084205024","display_name":"Peter A. Beerel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-0168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Beerel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Los Angeles,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6534329652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5495837330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5450087785720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5392810702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5255675911903381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pi","display_name":"Pi","score":0.4534951150417328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4373965859413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37336498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.372647225856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36479413509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18319696187973022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6534329652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5495837330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5450087785720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5392810702323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5255675911903381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53009064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167","display_name":"Pi","level":2,"score":0.4534951150417328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4373965859413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37336498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.372647225856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36479413509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18319696187973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac56929.2023.10247682","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 60th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2989885118","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3106937659","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3132111889","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3156573592","https://openalex.org/W3161703143","https://openalex.org/W3164811584","https://openalex.org/W3169806359","https://openalex.org/W3194922745","https://openalex.org/W3214153155","https://openalex.org/W3217809002","https://openalex.org/W4225586916","https://openalex.org/W4286989576","https://openalex.org/W4293024129","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W4312815981","https://openalex.org/W4317940589","https://openalex.org/W4375928586","https://openalex.org/W4381785624","https://openalex.org/W4385805166","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6776906142","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6795476670","https://openalex.org/W6796771274","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6803882846","https://openalex.org/W6810177077","https://openalex.org/W6849467956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030762054","https://openalex.org/W3157618815","https://openalex.org/W2401345448","https://openalex.org/W255820224","https://openalex.org/W3110660489","https://openalex.org/W2278807000","https://openalex.org/W2964228179","https://openalex.org/W2252718650","https://openalex.org/W2628590989","https://openalex.org/W4379251913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"private":[1],"inference":[2,17,78],"(PI)":[3],"has":[4,42],"addressed":[5],"the":[6,34,71,105,125,132,148],"rising":[7],"concern":[8],"over":[9],"data":[10,79,85,150],"and":[11,29,76,109,129,167,173,177,181],"model":[12,73,128],"privacy":[13,64,80,100,151],"in":[14,54],"machine":[15],"learning":[16],"as":[18],"a":[19,116],"service.":[20],"However,":[21],"existing":[22,161],"PI":[23,51,75,118,157,162],"frameworks":[24],"suffer":[25],"from":[26,107],"high":[27],"computational":[28],"communication":[30,186],"costs":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33,47,57,83,136,171,184],"expensive":[35],"multi-party":[36],"computation":[37],"(MPC)":[38],"protocols.":[39,141],"Existing":[40],"literature":[41],"developed":[43],"lighter":[44],"MPC":[45,140],"protocols":[46],"yield":[48],"more":[49],"efficient":[50,122],"schemes.":[52],"We,":[53],"contrast,":[55],"propose":[56,110],"lighten":[58],"them":[59],"by":[60],"introducing":[61],"an":[62,90,121],"empirically-defined":[63],"evaluation.":[65,101],"To":[66],"that":[67],"end,":[68],"we":[69,103],"reformulate":[70],"threat":[72],"of":[74,124],"use":[77],"attacks":[81],"(IDPAs)":[82],"evaluate":[84],"privacy.":[86],"We":[87],"then":[88],"present":[89],"enhanced":[91],"IDPA,":[92],"named":[93],"distillation-based":[94],"inverse-network":[95],"attack":[96],"(DINA),":[97],"for":[98],"improved":[99],"Finally,":[102],"leverage":[104],"findings":[106],"DINA":[108],"C":[111,153],"<sup":[112,154],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[113,155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[114,156],"PI,":[115],"two-party":[117],"framework":[119],"presenting":[120],"partitioning":[123],"neural":[126],"network":[127],"requiring":[130],"only":[131],"initial":[133],"few":[134],"layers":[135],"be":[137],"performed":[138],"with":[139],"Based":[142],"on":[143],"our":[144],"experimental":[145],"evaluations,":[146],"relaxing":[147],"formal":[149],"guarantees":[152],"can":[158],"speed":[159],"up":[160,170,183],"frameworks,":[163],"including":[164],"Delphi":[165],"[1]":[166],"Cheetah":[168],"[2],":[169],"2.89\u00d7":[172],"3.88\u00d7":[174],"under":[175],"LAN":[176],"WAN":[178],"settings,":[179],"respectively,":[180],"save":[182],"2.75\u00d7":[185],"costs.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}