{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212944824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","title":"Bitwidth-Optimized Energy-Efficient FFT Design via Scaling Information Propagation","display_name":"Bitwidth-Optimized Energy-Efficient FFT Design via Scaling Information Propagation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212944824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","mag":"3212944824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068162402","display_name":"Xinzhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-4960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinzhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006959620","display_name":"Fupeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-8243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fupeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034021883","display_name":"Raees Kizhakkumkara Muhamad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8010-8940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raees Kizhakkumkara Muhamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080595814","display_name":"David Blinder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-0203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Blinder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007221134","display_name":"Dessislava Nikolova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4970-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dessislava Nikolova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034083500","display_name":"Peter Schelkens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0908-1655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Schelkens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033235745","display_name":"Francky Catthoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francky Catthoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Catholic University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), Leuven, Belgium","Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Catholic University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084305618","display_name":"Yajun Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajun Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068162402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798","https://openalex.org/I4210147322","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3088,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56230331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"613","last_page":"618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.7127928137779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7030109167098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.6636885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5360947251319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4618569612503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-scaling","display_name":"Frequency scaling","score":0.42839640378952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3715881407260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3471447229385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3314353823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.17362907528877258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.172830730676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10537847876548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0788237452507019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.7127928137779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7030109167098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.6636885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5360947251319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4618569612503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157742956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237776","display_name":"Frequency scaling","level":3,"score":0.42839640378952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3715881407260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3471447229385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3314353823661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.17362907528877258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.172830730676651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10537847876548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0788237452507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:162408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/bitwidthoptimized-energyefficient-fft-design-via-scaling-information-propagation(cb6e12c1-6d6f-42e9-96bf-13deecc4b783).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021699271","https://openalex.org/W2024381286","https://openalex.org/W2027237622","https://openalex.org/W2074709077","https://openalex.org/W2114827318","https://openalex.org/W2123398578","https://openalex.org/W2123736966","https://openalex.org/W2141427150","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2534948908","https://openalex.org/W2560602073","https://openalex.org/W2895869821","https://openalex.org/W2907773570","https://openalex.org/W2950677650","https://openalex.org/W2954865777","https://openalex.org/W2982666087","https://openalex.org/W3004090476","https://openalex.org/W6728192890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967088250","https://openalex.org/W4327521644","https://openalex.org/W2978884468","https://openalex.org/W3132558499","https://openalex.org/W2005846134","https://openalex.org/W2168413811","https://openalex.org/W2054730497","https://openalex.org/W2369237035","https://openalex.org/W2948041274","https://openalex.org/W4367355863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Fast":[1],"Fourier":[2],"Transform":[3],"(FFT)":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6,65],"efficient":[7,66],"algorithm":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"in":[11,113,120,130],"digital":[12],"signal":[13],"processing":[14],"to":[15,74,144,150],"transform":[16,101],"between":[17],"the":[18,22,38,54,76,95,103,114,121,126,131,138,146,151,183,201],"time":[19],"domain":[20],"and":[21,109,137,166,186,190],"frequency":[23,133],"domain.":[24],"For":[25],"fixed-point":[26],"VLSI":[27,128,156],"implementations,":[28],"dynamic":[29,55,79],"range":[30,56,80],"growth":[31,57],"inevitably":[32],"occurs":[33],"at":[34],"each":[35],"stage":[36],"of":[37,78,86,182,200],"FFT":[39],"operation.":[40],"However,":[41],"current":[42],"methods":[43],"either":[44],"waste":[45],"bitwidth":[46,87],"or":[47],"consume":[48],"excessive":[49],"resources":[50],"when":[51,170,194],"dealing":[52],"with":[53,88],"issue.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"this":[61],"issue,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"scaling":[67,107,111],"method":[68,105,161],"called":[69],"Scaling":[70],"Information":[71],"Propagation":[72],"(SIP)":[73],"alleviate":[75],"problem":[77],"growth,":[81],"which":[82],"makes":[83,110],"full":[84],"use":[85],"much":[89],"less":[90],"extra":[91],"area":[92,168,192],"consumed":[93],"than":[94],"state-of-the-art":[96],"solutions.":[97],"In":[98],"two":[99],"consecutive":[100],"operations,":[102],"SIP":[104,147],"extracts":[106],"information":[108],"decisions":[112],"former":[115],"transform,":[116],"then":[117],"executes":[118],"those":[119],"latter":[122],"one.":[123],"We":[124],"implement":[125],"FFT\u2019s":[127],"architecture":[129],"orthogonal":[132],"division":[134],"multiplexing":[135],"(OFDM)":[136],"holographic":[139],"video":[140],"compression":[141],"(HVC)":[142],"systems":[143],"verify":[145],"method.":[148],"Compared":[149],"state-of-the-art,":[152],"experimental":[153],"results":[154],"after":[155],"synthesis":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"our":[160],"achieves":[162],"9.38%":[163],"energy":[164,188],"reduction":[165,189],"8.36%":[167],"savings":[169,193],"requiring":[171,195],"1.02":[172],"\u00d7":[173],"10":[174],"<sup":[175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-7</sup>":[177],"bit":[178],"error":[179],"ratio":[180,198],"(BER)":[181],"OFDM":[184],"system,":[185,203],"33.47%":[187],"30.98%":[191],"20dB":[196],"signal-to-noise":[197],"(SNR)":[199],"HVC":[202],"respectively.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
