{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186101057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","title":"FALCON Down: Breaking FALCON Post-Quantum Signature Scheme through Side-Channel Attacks","display_name":"FALCON Down: Breaking FALCON Post-Quantum Signature Scheme through Side-Channel Attacks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186101057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","mag":"3186101057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028983037","display_name":"Emre Karabulut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Karabulut","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, NC, USA","North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062027964","display_name":"Ayd\u0131n Aysu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, NC, USA","North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83719908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"691","last_page":"696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7211922407150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6893374919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.6400281190872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.5869129300117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5653311014175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5512901544570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4544345736503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3980848789215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.37759852409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3569583296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21181809902191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20301595330238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.12999770045280457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7211922407150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6893374919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.6400281190872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.5869129300117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5653311014175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5512901544570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4544345736503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3980848789215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.37759852409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3569583296775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21181809902191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20301595330238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.12999770045280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586131","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3186101057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/772.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1548961092","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1987951028","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2582849828","https://openalex.org/W2740580365","https://openalex.org/W2765784230","https://openalex.org/W2808296455","https://openalex.org/W2899031083","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2972972326","https://openalex.org/W2979160478","https://openalex.org/W3038049909","https://openalex.org/W3097833434","https://openalex.org/W4235846187","https://openalex.org/W4245524709","https://openalex.org/W6754255299","https://openalex.org/W6765968857","https://openalex.org/W6766434135","https://openalex.org/W6766787143","https://openalex.org/W6775166918"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"the":[3,13,25,29,33,52,68,86,97,101,109,131,145],"first":[4],"side-channel":[5],"attack":[6,22,50],"on":[7,45,112,127],"FALCON\u2014a":[8],"NIST":[9],"Round-3":[10],"finalist":[11],"for":[12],"post-quantum":[14],"digital":[15],"signature":[16],"standard.":[17],"We":[18],"demonstrate":[19],"a":[20,62],"known-plaintext":[21],"that":[23,66,137],"uses":[24],"electromagnetic":[26,123],"measurements":[27,140],"of":[28,100],"device":[30,103],"to":[31,42,85,117,143],"extract":[32,144],"secret":[34,87],"signing":[35],"keys,":[36],"which":[37],"then":[38,82],"can":[39],"be":[40],"used":[41],"forge":[43],"signatures":[44],"arbitrary":[46],"messages.":[47],"The":[48,77,125],"proposed":[49,121],"targets":[51],"unique":[53],"floating-point":[54,79],"multiplications":[55],"within":[56],"FALCON\u2019s":[57],"Fast":[58],"Fourier":[59],"Transform":[60],"through":[61],"novel":[63],"extend-and-prune":[64],"strategy":[65],"extracts":[67],"sign,":[69],"mantissa,":[70],"and":[71],"exponent":[72],"variables":[73],"without":[74],"false":[75],"positives.":[76],"extracted":[78],"values":[80],"are":[81,115,141],"mapped":[83],"back":[84],"key\u2019s":[88],"coefficients.":[89],"Our":[90],"attack,":[91],"notably,":[92],"does":[93],"not":[94],"require":[95],"pre-characterizing":[96],"power":[98],"profile":[99],"target":[102],"or":[104],"crafting":[105],"special":[106],"inputs.":[107],"Instead,":[108],"statistical":[110],"differences":[111],"obtained":[113],"traces":[114],"sufficient":[116,142],"successfully":[118],"execute":[119],"our":[120],"differential":[122],"analysis.":[124],"results":[126],"an":[128],"ARM-Cortex-M4":[129],"running":[130],"FALCON":[132],"NIST\u2019s":[133],"reference":[134],"software":[135],"show":[136],"approximately":[138],"10k":[139],"entire":[146],"key.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}