{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092431517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","title":"A-QED Verification of Hardware Accelerators","display_name":"A-QED Verification of Hardware Accelerators","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092431517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","mag":"3092431517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055282803","display_name":"Eshan Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eshan Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040670461","display_name":"Florian Lonsing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Lonsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049785436","display_name":"Saranyu Chattopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saranyu Chattopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072020797","display_name":"Maxwell Strange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-1349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Strange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053307660","display_name":"Peng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4034-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330729","display_name":"Xiaofan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5081-3972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049853160","display_name":"Yuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-6586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056321228","display_name":"Deming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016776689","display_name":"Jason Cong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-6963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029554261","display_name":"Priyanka Raina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Raina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037210004","display_name":"Zhiru Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0778-0308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiru Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026961968","display_name":"Clark Barrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9522-3084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clark Barrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036312663","display_name":"Subhasish Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhasish Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.705626368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6334246397018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-verification","display_name":"Intelligent verification","score":0.6332467794418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-synthesis","display_name":"High-level synthesis","score":0.6125473380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.5980347990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.5842385292053223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.5423865914344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-verification","display_name":"Functional verification","score":0.5408033132553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-verification","display_name":"High-level verification","score":0.4893636107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4623274803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32002365589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.3121703565120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.25621774792671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1333954632282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08973938226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.07122042775154114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.705626368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6334246397018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3406870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044160","display_name":"Intelligent verification","level":5,"score":0.6332467794418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.6125473380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.5980347990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.5842385292053223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.5423865914344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508853","display_name":"Functional verification","level":3,"score":0.5408033132553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187250869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754573","display_name":"High-level verification","level":5,"score":0.4893636107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4623274803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32002365589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.3121703565120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25621774792671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1333954632282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08973938226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.07122042775154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57231800","https://openalex.org/W1764493129","https://openalex.org/W1819209966","https://openalex.org/W1971081903","https://openalex.org/W1994350081","https://openalex.org/W2009489720","https://openalex.org/W2012262513","https://openalex.org/W2019254738","https://openalex.org/W2057807751","https://openalex.org/W2089162427","https://openalex.org/W2108065216","https://openalex.org/W2153425417","https://openalex.org/W2181725979","https://openalex.org/W2476747876","https://openalex.org/W2626616508","https://openalex.org/W2788211964","https://openalex.org/W2798765367","https://openalex.org/W2803147926","https://openalex.org/W2905285402","https://openalex.org/W2912858670","https://openalex.org/W2963739369","https://openalex.org/W2964039708","https://openalex.org/W3101944603","https://openalex.org/W3103762562","https://openalex.org/W4232307912","https://openalex.org/W4234542549","https://openalex.org/W4288637392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361881307","https://openalex.org/W2392047570","https://openalex.org/W4205300843","https://openalex.org/W2929969821","https://openalex.org/W3155012083","https://openalex.org/W2354470518","https://openalex.org/W3120172095","https://openalex.org/W2059150015","https://openalex.org/W2401743419","https://openalex.org/W1585773602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"A-QED":[2,17,59,72,82,91,107,116],"(Accelerator-Quick":[3],"Error":[4],"Detection),":[5],"a":[6,33],"new":[7],"approach":[8],"for":[9,43,120],"pre-silicon":[10],"formal":[11,35],"verification":[12,79,88,93,113,129],"of":[13,100],"stand-alone":[14],"hardware":[15,63],"accelerators.":[16],"relies":[18],"on":[19,61,125],"bounded":[20],"model":[21],"checking":[22],"--":[23],"however,":[24],"it":[25,52],"does":[26],"not":[27],"require":[28],"extensive":[29],"design-specific":[30],"properties":[31],"or":[32],"full":[34],"design":[36,50],"specification.":[37],"While":[38],"A-":[39],"QED":[40],"is":[41],"effective":[42],"both":[44],"RTL":[45],"and":[46,69],"high-level":[47],"synthesis":[48],"(HLS)":[49],"flows,":[51],"integrates":[53],"seamlessly":[54],"with":[55],"HLS":[56],"flows.":[57],"Our":[58],"results":[60],"several":[62],"accelerator":[64],"designs":[65],"demonstrate":[66],"its":[67],"practicality":[68],"effectiveness:":[70],"1.":[71],"detected":[73,76,83],"all":[74],"bugs":[75,84],"by":[77,96],"conventional":[78,87,112,128],"flow.":[80,89],"2.":[81],"that":[85],"escaped":[86],"3.":[90],"improved":[92],"productivity":[94],"dramatically,":[95],"30X,":[97],"in":[98],"one":[99],"our":[101],"case":[102],"studies":[103],"(1":[104],"person-day":[105],"using":[106,111],"vs.":[108,127],"30":[109],"person-days":[110],"flow).":[114,130],"4.":[115],"produced":[117],"short":[118],"counterexamples":[119],"easy":[121],"debug":[122],"(37X":[123],"shorter":[124],"average":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
