{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2583637354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","title":"Disruptive innovations to help protect against future threats","display_name":"Disruptive innovations to help protect against future threats","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2583637354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","mag":"2583637354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon U.S.)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1266896","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041442307","display_name":"Ernest Y. Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernest Y. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering at the United States Military Academy, Chief of Staff of the Army Cyber Institute, West Point, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering at the United States Military Academy, Chief of Staff of the Army Cyber Institute, West Point, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090181379","display_name":"Nicholas Michael Sambaluk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas M. Sambaluk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comparative Military Studies, Purdue University, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comparative Military Studies, Purdue University, AL, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041442307"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24515913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucracy","display_name":"Bureaucracy","score":0.5880489349365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disruptive-innovation","display_name":"Disruptive innovation","score":0.5149194002151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio","display_name":"Portfolio","score":0.4575080871582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44693076610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3477534055709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32664093375205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.30211174488067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23922142386436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.2041642665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.17645224928855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.16146931052207947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.5880489349365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777785971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192297","display_name":"Disruptive innovation","level":2,"score":0.5149194002151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.4575080871582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44693076610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3477534055709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32664093375205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30211174488067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23922142386436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2041642665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17645224928855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16146931052207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon U.S.)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1266896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1266896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:1266896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1266896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480526195","https://openalex.org/W1544121820","https://openalex.org/W1549022070","https://openalex.org/W2576969565","https://openalex.org/W4253388879","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301861814","https://openalex.org/W6631584819","https://openalex.org/W6732101395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360685388","https://openalex.org/W2056840011","https://openalex.org/W2967040666","https://openalex.org/W2387900108","https://openalex.org/W2978971984","https://openalex.org/W2058623294","https://openalex.org/W4233227852","https://openalex.org/W936901925","https://openalex.org/W4231198575","https://openalex.org/W4252898435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Innovation":[0,150],"is":[1,30,169,212],"back":[2],"in":[3,18,24,43,58,81,189,281],"vogue":[4],"within":[5],"the":[6,10,28,59,65,73,77,82,139,148,155,166,177,198,200,240,261,289],"U.S.":[7,29,47,127,167,201,241,290],"military.":[8],"In":[9,266],"face":[11],"of":[12,72,134,157,197,209,225,263],"defense":[13],"spending":[14],"cuts":[15],"and":[16,26,69,76,95,101,104,117,123,147,232,272,284],"reductions":[17],"military":[19,128,168,242,282],"manpower":[20],"after":[21],"prolonged":[22],"campaigns":[23],"Iraq":[25],"Afghanistan,":[27],"turning":[31],"once":[32],"again":[33],"to":[34,38,87,143,153,160,179,214,229],"developing":[35],"key":[36],"technologies":[37,275],"offset":[39,51,248],"its":[40,236,247],"quantitative":[41],"inferiority":[42],"conventional":[44],"forces.":[45],"The":[46,106,126],"has":[48,129],"pursued":[49],"this":[50,267],"strategy":[52],"twice":[53],"before-the":[54],"first":[55],"time":[56,79],"was":[57,80],"1950s":[60],"with":[61,84],"nuclear":[62],"deterrence":[63],"countering":[64],"numerically":[66],"superior":[67],"armament":[68],"fighting":[70],"forces":[71],"Warsaw":[74],"Pact,":[75],"second":[78],"1970s":[83],"DARPA-led":[85],"efforts":[86],"gain":[88],"technological":[89],"superiority":[90],"from":[91,205,256],"enhanced":[92],"intelligence,":[93],"surveillance,":[94],"reconnaissance,":[96],"precision-guided":[97],"weapons,":[98],"stealth":[99],"technology,":[100],"space-based":[102],"communications":[103],"navigation.":[105],"current":[107],"Third":[108],"Offset":[109],"Strategy":[110],"targets":[111],"many":[112],"promising":[113],"innovations":[114,280],"including":[115],"robotics":[116],"autonomous":[118],"systems,":[119],"miniaturization,":[120],"big":[121],"data,":[122],"advanced":[124],"manufacturing.":[125],"even":[130],"created":[131],"a":[132,182],"number":[133],"new":[135],"organizations":[136],"such":[137,170],"as":[138],"Army":[140],"Cyber":[141],"Institute":[142],"explore":[144],"high-tech":[145],"innovation":[146,199,210,226],"Defense":[149],"Unit":[151],"Experimental":[152],"expedite":[154],"transfer":[156],"cuttingedge":[158],"technology":[159],"warfighters.":[161],"Nonetheless,":[162],"some":[163],"critics":[164,192],"believe":[165],"an":[171],"unwieldy":[172],"bureaucracy":[173],"that":[174,184,195,211,219,227],"it":[175,250],"lacks":[176],"nimbleness":[178],"transform":[180],"into":[181,287],"force":[183],"can":[185,291],"win":[186],"tomorrow's":[187],"wars-particularly":[188],"cyberspace.":[190],"These":[191],"also":[193,252],"note":[194],"most":[196],"currently":[202],"seeks":[203],"come":[204],"groundbreaking":[206],"research-the":[207],"type":[208,224],"expensive":[213],"develop.":[215],"This":[216],"paper":[217],"proposes":[218],"by":[220,259],"adding":[221],"disruptive":[222,274,279,293],"innovations-the":[223],"tends":[228],"be":[230],"cheaper":[231],"less":[233],"technologically":[234],"complex-into":[235],"R&D":[237],"portfolio":[238],"mix,":[239],"will":[243,251],"not":[244],"only":[245],"strengthen":[246],"strategy,":[249],"better":[253],"protect":[254],"itself":[255],"future":[257],"threats":[258],"reducing":[260],"likelihood":[262],"strategic":[264],"surprise.":[265],"paper,":[268],"we":[269],"review":[270],"Christensen":[271],"Bower's":[273],"framework,":[276],"illuminate":[277],"successful":[278],"history,":[283],"provide":[285],"insights":[286],"how":[288],"foster":[292],"innovation.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}