{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017258084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","title":"Smart Security Audit: Reinforcement Learning with a Deep Neural Network Approximator","display_name":"Smart Security Audit: Reinforcement Learning with a Deep Neural Network Approximator","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017258084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","mag":"3017258084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112879357","display_name":"Konstantin Pozdniakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Pozdniakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["City, University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City, University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031842436","display_name":"Eduardo Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-695X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["City, University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City, University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048091865","display_name":"Vladimir Stankovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Stankovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["City, University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City, University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085657440","display_name":"Kimberly Tam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Tam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Plymouth"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Plymouth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043312142","display_name":"Kevin Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-0978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Plymouth"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Plymouth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1069,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87814838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8258169889450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7495280504226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6758170127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5879717469215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4099332094192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34313082695007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.05966803431510925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8258169889450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7495280504226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6758170127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5879717469215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4099332094192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34313082695007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.05966803431510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cybersa49311.2020.9139683","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:24043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/e=2Ealonso.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:10026.1/15693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15693","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:10026.1/15693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15693","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15693","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017258084.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98006832","https://openalex.org/W180776607","https://openalex.org/W1514205146","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1575351389","https://openalex.org/W1751204289","https://openalex.org/W1868806079","https://openalex.org/W1976816362","https://openalex.org/W1989326175","https://openalex.org/W1996788431","https://openalex.org/W2089938540","https://openalex.org/W2104588447","https://openalex.org/W2113921460","https://openalex.org/W2122888828","https://openalex.org/W2129580267","https://openalex.org/W2137231862","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2151661095","https://openalex.org/W2160169104","https://openalex.org/W2254039850","https://openalex.org/W2261753215","https://openalex.org/W2493561771","https://openalex.org/W2798155353","https://openalex.org/W2798647495","https://openalex.org/W2807786182","https://openalex.org/W2899324836","https://openalex.org/W2912451346","https://openalex.org/W2945365276","https://openalex.org/W2947766526","https://openalex.org/W2949433879","https://openalex.org/W2951382195","https://openalex.org/W2964536268","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3105955411","https://openalex.org/W4229860662","https://openalex.org/W6634407311","https://openalex.org/W6637676880","https://openalex.org/W6675575907","https://openalex.org/W6691763730","https://openalex.org/W6755699203","https://openalex.org/W6762456871","https://openalex.org/W6763589479","https://openalex.org/W6764192573","https://openalex.org/W6786468782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,109,194],"significant":[1],"challenge":[2],"in":[3,66,179],"modern":[4],"computer":[5,110],"security":[6,111,127,169],"is":[7,97,172,199],"the":[8,31,134],"growing":[9,32],"skill":[10],"gap":[11],"as":[12,174],"intruder":[13],"capabilities":[14],"increase,":[15],"making":[16],"it":[17,71,74,103],"necessary":[18],"to":[19,42,63,99,125,145,181,192,201,210],"begin":[20],"automating":[21,47],"elements":[22],"of":[23,34,122,136,185,196],"penetration":[24,51,86,141,212],"testing":[25,87,213],"so":[26],"analysts":[27,45],"can":[28,206],"contend":[29],"with":[30,107,158],"number":[33,184],"cyber":[35],"threats.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,92,114,204],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,150],"attempt":[41],"assist":[43],"human":[44],"by":[46],"a":[48,56,67,90,118,126,139,163,175,183,215],"single":[49],"host":[50],"attack.":[52],"To":[53,147],"do":[54],"so,":[55,73],"smart":[57],"agent":[58,93],"performs":[59],"different":[60],"attack":[61,79],"sequences":[62,80],"find":[64],"vulnerabilities":[65],"target":[68],"system.":[69],"As":[70,89],"does":[72],"accumulates":[75],"knowledge,":[76],"learns":[77],"new":[78],"and":[81,132,188,220],"improves":[82],"its":[83],"own":[84],"internal":[85],"logic.":[88],"result,":[91],"(AgentPen":[94],"for":[95],"simplicity)":[96],"able":[98],"successfully":[100],"penetrate":[101],"hosts":[102],"has":[104],"never":[105],"interacted":[106],"before.":[108],"administrator":[112],"using":[113,214],"tool":[115],"would":[116,143],"receive":[117],"comprehensive,":[119],"automated":[120],"sequence":[121],"actions":[123],"leading":[124],"breach,":[128],"highlighting":[129],"potential":[130],"vulnerabilities,":[131],"reducing":[133],"amount":[135],"menial":[137],"tasks":[138],"typical":[140],"tester":[142],"need":[144],"execute.":[146],"achieve":[148],"autonomy,":[149],"apply":[151],"an":[152,159],"unsupervised":[153],"machine":[154],"learning":[155],"algorithm,":[156],"Q-learning,":[157],"approximator":[160],"that":[161],"incorporates":[162],"deep":[164],"neural":[165],"network":[166],"architecture.":[167],"The":[168],"audit":[170],"itself":[171],"modelled":[173],"Markov":[176],"Decision":[177],"Process":[178],"order":[180],"test":[182],"decision-making":[186],"strategies":[187],"compare":[189],"their":[190],"convergence":[191],"optimality.":[193],"series":[195],"experimental":[197],"results":[198],"presented":[200],"show":[202],"how":[203],"approach":[205],"be":[207],"effectively":[208],"used":[209],"automate":[211],"scalable,":[216],"i.e.":[217],"not":[218],"exhaustive,":[219],"adaptive":[221],"approach.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}