{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147488253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054","title":"Olfactory-Enhanced VR Training with AI-Based Assessment for Safe Ammonia Handling in Maritime Operations","display_name":"Olfactory-Enhanced VR Training with AI-Based Assessment for Safe Ammonia Handling in Maritime Operations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147488253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW\uff09","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346563","display_name":"Ye Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-6538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yisi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,Centre of Excellence in Maritime Safety (CEMS),Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,Centre of Excellence in Maritime Safety (CEMS),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132639929","display_name":"Conrado II Timonera De Los","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188716491","display_name":"Republic Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04qf03327","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188716491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Conrado II Timonera De Los","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,Reyes, CEMS,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,Reyes, CEMS,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188716491","https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132652091","display_name":"Soon Ling Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188716491","display_name":"Republic Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04qf03327","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188716491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soon Ling Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188716491","https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132661130","display_name":"Andrew Qihan Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188716491","display_name":"Republic Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04qf03327","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188716491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Qihan Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188716491","https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132724078","display_name":"Silva Fermin Carlos III De Dios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188716491","display_name":"Republic Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04qf03327","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188716491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silva Fermin Carlos III De Dios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188716491","https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132719326","display_name":"Edric Yi Sheng Then","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188716491","display_name":"Republic Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/04qf03327","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188716491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edric Yi Sheng Then","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,MAE,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188716491","https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132645073","display_name":"Chao Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,CEMS,Singapor"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,CEMS,Singapor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132655722","display_name":"Chee Onn Tham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202502355","display_name":"Singapore Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxcn248","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Onn Tham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Polytechnic,CEMS,Singapor"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Polytechnic,CEMS,Singapor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202502355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88240741,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"322","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.16110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.16110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.04340000078082085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.027799999341368675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-waste","display_name":"Hazardous waste","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispose-pattern","display_name":"Dispose pattern","score":0.3610999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111424310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282669","display_name":"Dispose pattern","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776857766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832987","display_name":"Training system","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cw68232.2025.00054","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW\uff09","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146491372","https://openalex.org/W2969067648","https://openalex.org/W4221102569","https://openalex.org/W4408969923"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"maritime":[1,55],"industry":[2],"is":[3,20,75],"actively":[4],"pursuing":[5],"decarbonization":[6],"by":[7],"transitioning":[8],"to":[9,25,53,61,81],"alternative":[10],"fuels":[11],"with":[12,57],"low":[13],"or":[14],"zero":[15],"emissions.":[16],"Among":[17],"these,":[18],"ammonia":[19,63,86],"a":[21,45],"leading":[22],"candidate":[23],"due":[24],"its":[26,31],"carbon-free":[27],"combustion":[28],"properties.":[29],"However,":[30],"high":[32],"toxicity":[33],"introduces":[34],"significant":[35],"handling":[36],"risks,":[37],"making":[38],"effective":[39],"training":[40,50],"essential.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"two-player":[46],"Virtual":[47],"Reality":[48],"(VR)":[49],"system":[51],"designed":[52],"equip":[54],"personnel":[56],"the":[58,78,83],"skills":[59],"required":[60],"manage":[62],"leaks":[64],"safely.":[65],"To":[66],"enhance":[67],"immersion":[68],"and":[69,107],"memory":[70],"retention,":[71],"an":[72,91],"aroma":[73],"diffuser":[74],"integrated":[76],"into":[77],"VR":[79],"environment":[80],"simulate":[82],"smell":[84],"of":[85],"during":[87],"leak":[88],"scenarios.":[89],"Additionally,":[90],"Artificial":[92],"Intelligence":[93],"(AI)-based":[94],"assessment":[95],"module":[96],"evaluates":[97],"trainee":[98],"performance":[99],"in":[100],"key":[101],"areas":[102],"such":[103],"as":[104],"communication,":[105],"decisionmaking,":[106],"situational":[108],"vigilance.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}