{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027297564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","title":"Preliminary studies on the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly face recognition challenge problem","display_name":"Preliminary studies on the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly face recognition challenge problem","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027297564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","mag":"2027297564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105349489","display_name":"Yui Man Lui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-0310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yui Man Lui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114009968","display_name":"David Bolme","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bolme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047918353","display_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-5197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112787818","display_name":"J. Ross Beveridge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ross Beveridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024491677","display_name":"Bruce A. Draper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8560-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Draper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105349489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3926,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95113201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.8067598342895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7582108974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7260943651199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6993903517723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.614723801612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6054534912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition-grand-challenge","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","score":0.5170193910598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5063127279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.46852773427963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4484975039958954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4197271764278412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.4180063009262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.3673221468925476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.8067598342895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7582108974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7260943651199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6993903517723083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.614723801612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6054534912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191070858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428343","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","level":5,"score":0.5170193910598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5063127279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.46852773427963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4484975039958954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4197271764278412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.4180063009262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.3673221468925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309627","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1550005041","https://openalex.org/W1581809140","https://openalex.org/W1598106187","https://openalex.org/W1980732600","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2035830871","https://openalex.org/W2035835595","https://openalex.org/W2041657594","https://openalex.org/W2043999711","https://openalex.org/W2080414315","https://openalex.org/W2087484772","https://openalex.org/W2109880575","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2131273085","https://openalex.org/W2133295669","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2146824864","https://openalex.org/W2151976365","https://openalex.org/W2165052637","https://openalex.org/W2463472390","https://openalex.org/W2537280201","https://openalex.org/W2546058049","https://openalex.org/W2789848387","https://openalex.org/W2980468885","https://openalex.org/W4247614247","https://openalex.org/W6632636493","https://openalex.org/W6632790486","https://openalex.org/W6634926629","https://openalex.org/W6635877673","https://openalex.org/W6676734657","https://openalex.org/W6719492630","https://openalex.org/W6728844973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206923589","https://openalex.org/W2184186800","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W2351727084","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4200005109","https://openalex.org/W2362246177","https://openalex.org/W4224441484","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W1571439987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,20,48,83],"has":[2,38],"made":[3],"significant":[4],"advances":[5],"over":[6,123],"the":[7,14,27,29,32,58,86,101,107,118,127],"last":[8],"twenty":[9],"years.":[10],"State-of-the-art":[11],"algorithms":[12,84],"push":[13],"performance":[15,104,125],"envelope":[16],"to":[17,41],"near":[18],"perfect":[19],"rates":[21],"on":[22,43,85,103,126],"many":[23],"face":[24,35,47,82],"databases.":[25],"Recently,":[26],"Good,":[28],"Bad,":[30],"and":[31,73],"Ugly":[33],"(GBU)":[34],"challenge":[36,88,129],"problem":[37],"been":[39],"introduced":[40],"focus":[42],"hard":[44],"aspects":[45],"of":[46,105],"from":[49],"still":[50],"frontal":[51],"images.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"introduce":[57],"CohortLDA":[59,76],"baseline":[60],"algorithm,":[61],"which":[62],"is":[63],"an":[64],"Linear":[65],"Discriminant":[66],"Analysis":[67],"(LDA)":[68],"algorithm":[69],"with":[70],"color":[71],"spaces":[72],"cohort":[74],"normalization.":[75],"greatly":[77],"outperforms":[78],"some":[79],"well":[80],"known":[81],"GBU":[87,91,119,128],"problem.":[89,130],"The":[90],"protocol":[92,120],"includes":[93],"rules":[94,108],"for":[95,109],"creating":[96,110],"training":[97,111],"sets.":[98,112],"We":[99],"investigate":[100],"effect":[102],"violating":[106,117],"This":[113],"analysis":[114],"shows":[115],"that":[116],"can":[121],"substantially":[122],"estimate":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}