{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386076277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284","title":"D<sup>2</sup>Former: Jointly Learning Hierarchical Detectors and Contextual Descriptors via Agent-Based Transformers","display_name":"D<sup>2</sup>Former: Jointly Learning Hierarchical Detectors and Contextual Descriptors via Agent-Based Transformers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386076277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103096924","display_name":"Jianfeng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-788X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916532","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2080-3088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648981","display_name":"Tianzhu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-9564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzhu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China","Deep Space Exploration Laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deep Space Exploration Laboratory","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442949","display_name":"Zhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8382-1338"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deep Space Exploration Laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deep Space Exploration Laboratory","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029102289","display_name":"Feng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103096924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8423,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87697324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2904","last_page":"2914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7034647464752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6850233674049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6214771866798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6007331013679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5493379831314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49586495757102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.45821303129196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4191131591796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41203680634498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17751523852348328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09380599856376648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7034647464752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6850233674049377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6214771866798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6007331013679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5493379831314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49586495757102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.45821303129196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4191131591796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41203680634498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17751523852348328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09380599856376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00284","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5984938987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCKY2021601B013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335833","funder_display_name":"National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335833","display_name":"National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1612997784","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1869500417","https://openalex.org/W2007178811","https://openalex.org/W2046166954","https://openalex.org/W2086504823","https://openalex.org/W2111308925","https://openalex.org/W2124404372","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151290401","https://openalex.org/W2250384498","https://openalex.org/W2320444803","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2556970001","https://openalex.org/W2594519801","https://openalex.org/W2618039218","https://openalex.org/W2740418457","https://openalex.org/W2779304298","https://openalex.org/W2798971533","https://openalex.org/W2804394440","https://openalex.org/W2896241788","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2951870616","https://openalex.org/W2962748819","https://openalex.org/W2963059198","https://openalex.org/W2963154697","https://openalex.org/W2963210849","https://openalex.org/W2963674285","https://openalex.org/W2963748588","https://openalex.org/W2963760790","https://openalex.org/W2973665503","https://openalex.org/W2979458572","https://openalex.org/W2982190091","https://openalex.org/W2982892652","https://openalex.org/W2990655570","https://openalex.org/W3003659795","https://openalex.org/W3030520226","https://openalex.org/W3034275286","https://openalex.org/W3034411221","https://openalex.org/W3035472788","https://openalex.org/W3037854993","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3092135995","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3107939686","https://openalex.org/W3166285241","https://openalex.org/W4225957447","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4312391970","https://openalex.org/W4312548398","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387928059","https://openalex.org/W6637400245","https://openalex.org/W6662056150","https://openalex.org/W6676770471","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6700340091","https://openalex.org/W6738345448","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6752208963","https://openalex.org/W6754984195","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761595257","https://openalex.org/W6764177528","https://openalex.org/W6766492806","https://openalex.org/W6766695897","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6778485988","https://openalex.org/W6779835006","https://openalex.org/W6780053115","https://openalex.org/W6780918837","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6810827700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2000775715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Establishing":[0],"pixel-level":[1],"matches":[2],"between":[3],"image":[4,18,159],"pairs":[5],"is":[6,58,134],"vital":[7],"for":[8,136],"a":[9,43,53,77,85,130],"variety":[10],"of":[11,46,117,142],"computer":[12],"vision":[13],"applications.":[14],"How-ever,":[15],"achieving":[16],"robust":[17],"matching":[19,56,160],"remains":[20],"challenging":[21,149],"because":[22],"CNN":[23],"extracted":[24],"descriptors":[25],"usually":[26],"lack":[27],"discrim-inative":[28],"ability":[29],"in":[30,129],"texture-less":[31],"regions":[32],"and":[33,65,84,112],"keypoint":[34,87,127],"detec-tors":[35],"are":[36],"only":[37],"good":[38],"at":[39],"identifying":[40],"keypoints":[41,138],"with":[42,50,114,139],"specific":[44],"level":[45],"structure.":[47],"To":[48],"deal":[49],"these":[51],"issues,":[52],"novel":[54],"im-age":[55],"method":[57,155],"proposed":[59,93,154],"by":[60],"Jointly":[61],"Learning":[62],"Hier-archical":[63],"Detectors":[64],"Contextual":[66],"Descriptors":[67],"via":[68],"Agent-based":[69],"Transformers":[70],"(D":[71],"<sup":[72,95],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[73,96],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[74,97],"Former),":[75],"including":[76],"contextual":[78],"feature":[79],"descriptor":[80,119],"learning":[81,89],"(CFDL)":[82],"module":[83,106,124],"hierar-chical":[86],"detector":[88],"(HKDL)":[90],"module.":[91],"The":[92],"D":[94],"Former":[98],"enjoys":[99],"several":[100],"merits.":[101],"First,":[102],"the":[103,115,122],"pro-posed":[104],"CFDL":[105],"can":[107,125],"model":[108],"long-range":[109],"contexts":[110],"effi-ciently":[111],"effectively":[113],"aid":[116],"designed":[118],"agents.":[120],"Second,":[121],"HKDL":[123],"generate":[126],"detectors":[128],"hierarchical":[131],"way,":[132],"which":[133],"helpful":[135],"detecting":[137],"diverse":[140],"levels":[141],"structures.":[143],"Extensive":[144],"experimental":[145],"results":[146],"on":[147],"four":[148],"benchmarks":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152],"our":[153],"significantly":[156],"outperforms":[157],"state-of-the-art":[158],"methods.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
